Abstract  Adjuvant formulations which elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immunity will be required for vaccines based on peptides, viral and bacterial subunits and genetically engineered antigens. This report describes an adjuvant formulation which increases both cell-mediated and humoral immunity and is free of significant side effects encountered with other adjuvants or vehicles. The components include the threonyl analogue of muramyl dipeptide, Tween 80, Pluronic L121 and squalane. This formulation was found to be effective with several antigens, in several species, including rodents, cats and monkeys. These results suggest that the formulation will be useful for both human and veterinary vaccines.

Abstract  The biological activities of synthetic glycolipids, which were chemically synthesized and based on the structure of lipid A of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli, were examined with special reference to their adjuvant activity on the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity, activity on the induction of tumour necrotic factor (TNF) and tumour regressive activity on line 10 hepatoma in strain 2 guinea pigs. Among them, a compound structurally corresponding to free E. coli lipid A (compound 506) as well as LPS exhibited potent adjuvant activity in the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs and TNF inducing activity in the sera of mice which were presensitized with Propionibacterium acnes. Compound 506 showed potent lethal toxicity in the intravenous administration of BALB/c mice presensitized with P. acnes. The regressive activity on line 10 hepatoma was observed by the multiple intralesional injection of squalane-treated compounds 504 and 505 in strain 2 guinea pigs.

Abstract  An alkane-degrading bacterium, designated GTI MVAB Hex1(T), was isolated from chronically crude oil-contaminated soil from an oilfield in southern Illinois. The isolate grew very weakly or not at all in minimal or rich media without hydrocarbons. Straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as hexadecane and heptadecane, greatly stimulated growth; shorter-chain (

Abstract  Technical benefits of additives in polymers stand in marked contrast to their associated health risks. Here, a multi-analyte method based on gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed to quantify polymer additives in complex matrices such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and isolated human skin layers after dermal exposure ex vivo. That way both technical aspects and dermal exposure were investigated. The effects of polymer additivation on the material were studied using the example of LDPE. To this end, a tailor-made polymer was applied in aging studies that had been furnished with two different mixtures of phenol- and diarylamine-based antioxidants, plasticizers and processing aids. Upon accelerated thermo-oxidative aging of the material, the formation of LDPE degradation products was monitored with attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Compared to pure LDPE, a protective effect of added antioxidants could be observed on the integrity of the polymer. Further, thermo-oxidative degradation of the additives and its kinetics were investigated using LDPE or squalane as matrix. The half-lives of additives in both matrices revealed significant differences between the tested additives as well as between LDPE and squalane. For instance, 2-tert-butyl-6-[(3-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)methyl]-4-methylphenol (Antioxidant 2246) showed a half-life 12 times lower when incorporated in LDPE as compared to squalane. As a model for dermal exposure of consumers, human skin was brought into contact with the tailor-made LDPE containing additives ex vivo in static Franz diffusion cells. The skin was then analyzed for additives and decomposition products. This study proved 10 polymer additives of diverse pysicochemical properties and functionalities to migrate out of the polymer and eventually overcome the intact human skin barrier during contact. Moreover, their individual distribution within distinct skin layers was demonstrated. This is exemplified by the penetration of the procarcinogenic antioxidant N-phenylnaphthalen-2-amine (Neozon D) into the viable epidermis and the permeation through the skin of the neurotoxic plasticizer N-butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBS). In addition, the analyses of additive degradation products in the isolated skin layers revealed the presence of 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol in all layers after contact to a polymer with substances of origin like Antioxidant 2246. Thus, attention needs to be paid to absorption of polymer additives together with their degradation products when it comes to dermal exposure assessment.

Abstract  Published retention indices of acyclic alkenes C5-C7 on squalane and polydimethylsiloxane as stationary phases were investigated, and reliable retention indices of alkenes from various sources were converted to separation systems used in a laboratory. Retention indices measured on available authentic commercial alkenes and on alkenic fraction of gasoline, published retention indices as well as means of GC-MS were used for verification of calculated retention indices. Retention of some gas chromatographic unseparated isomer pairs was obtained by mass spectrometric deconvolution using a specific single-ion monitoring. On the basis of these retention data, C5-C7 alkenes were identified and analyzed in the gasoline from fluid catalytic cracking. In the gasoline all 59 acyclic C5-C7 isomeric alkenes were determined at significantly different concentration levels.

Abstract  This project investigated the effects of novel carriers and adjuvants on the isotype of murine immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide type 14 (S14PS). S14PS conjugated to bovine serum albumin induced a weak antibody response which was 100% IgG1 following injection without adjuvant. The same polysaccharide conjugated to flagella of Salmonella typhi induced an antibody response which was 88% IgG3. S14PS-bovine serum albumin was injected with block copolymer L121 or Quil A in squalane-in-water emulsions. The copolymer L121 was at least as effective as Quil A or complete Freund adjuvant in inducing IgG antibodies. IgG1 was the dominant subclass for all. Addition of monophosphoryl lipid A, but not the threonyl derivative of muramyl dipeptide or nontoxic Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides lipopolysaccharide, to copolymer L121 increased production of the IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 subclasses. S14PS-flagella with copolymer L121 induced higher titers with a markedly altered isotype distribution: 13% IgG1, 52% IgG2a, 6% IgG2b, and 29% IgG3. Monophosphoryl lipid A added to L121 reduced IgG1 antibody to 5%, but increased IgG2a antibody to 14%, IgG2b antibody to 3%, and IgG3 antibody to 78%. These studies demonstrate that both the carrier and the adjuvant can influence the titer and isotype distribution of antipolysaccharide antibody responses.

Abstract  The in vitro percutaneous transport of sodium diclofenac from various oil vehicles was examined using rat abdominal skin as a model skin membrane. The overall transport of diclofenac through the skin from the oleaginous vehicles was very poor because of a poor solubility of sodium diclofenac in nonpolar oils. To increase the solubility and the permeability of sodium diclofenac, ethanol and n-octanol were added to each oil (designated as the formulated vehicles). The addition of ethanol and n-octanol to the nonpolar vehicles resulted in an extreme increase in drug solubility in each vehicle, with a remarkable increase in the permeation of diclofenac. The effects of oil components in the formulated vehicle on the permeation of diclofenac across the skin were in the following order: squalane greater-than-or-equal-to squalene > liquid paraffin > middle chain triglyceride > olive oil > castor oil.

In order to clarify the reason for the differences in permeation of diclofenac from these formulated vehicles, the release of diclofenac and n-octanol from these vehicles in vitro was studied. The release rates of n-octanol from the formulated vehicles were in the following order: liquid paraffin > squalene greater-than-or-equal-to squalane > middle chain triglyceride greater-than-or-equal-to olive oil > castor oil. On the other hand, a linear correlation was observed between the initial release rate of diclofenac from the formulated vehicle and the in vitro permeation of diclofenac through the rat skin. Thus, the oil component in the formulated vehicle affects the release of the drug and the enhancer from the vehicle to the skin. The transport rate of diclofenac from the formulated vehicle of squalane at the steady state proportionally increased with an increase of drug concentration, and the lag times were not influenced by a change of the drug concentration in the formulated vehicles. Therefore, it may be suggested that the intrinsic permeation of diclofenac through the skin is not influenced by the concentration of sodium diclofenac in the vehicle. From these results, it is considered that the important factors in increasing the skin permeation of a drug from an oil vehicle are to select oils which have a low affinity for the drug and enhancer, and to increase the drug concentration in the oil.

Abstract  Adjuvants augment immune responses to antigens and influence the balance between cell-mediated and humoral responses, as well as the isotypes of antibodies formed. New adjuvant formulations include antigen-carrying vehicles and small molecules with immunomodulating activity. Widely used two-phase vehicles comprise liposomes and microfluidized squalene or squalane emulsions. These are believed to target antigens to antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells (DC), follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and B-lymphocytes. Activation of complement generates C3d, which binds CR2 (CD21) on FDC and B-lymphocytes, thereby stimulating the proliferation of the latter and the generation of B-memory. Targeting of antigens to DC may favour cell-mediated immunity. Immunomodulating agents induce the production of cytokine cascades. In a primary cascade at injection sites TNF-alpha, GM-CSF and IL-1 are produced. TNF-alpha promotes migration of DC to lymphoid tissues, while GM-CSF and IL-1 accelerate the maturation of DC into efficient antigen-presenting cells for T-lymphocytes. In a secondary cytokine cascade in draining lymph nodes, DC produce IL-12, which induces Th1 responses with the production of IFN-gamma. The cytokines elicit cell-mediated immune responses and the formation of antibodies of protective isotypes, such as IgG2a in the mouse and IgG1 in humans. Antibodies of these isotypes activate complement and collaborate with antibody-dependent effector cells in protective immune responses.

Abstract  We report in this paper a particular case of the Marangoni effect - the migration of a squalane droplet in the external water medium, driven by the asymmetric adsorption of the surfactant at one side of the droplet. The specific features of this experiment compared to similar reports on drop motion lies in both the presence of the external liquid and the existence of two ''discrete'' profile and velocity regimes during the migration of the drop. The amazing dynamic profile of the droplet (cometlike) observed in the earlier stage of the motion was related to the strong transient pinning of the rear side of the drop where adsorption sets in. This strong retention preceding the drop motion was related to the external hydrostatic pressure of the environmental fluid which, under the particular geometry of nonsymmetric diffusion, results in a higher contact angle hysteresis (compared to that in air), before the drop can move. As shown by these results, the whole macroscopic behavior of this drop migration, including the pinning strength, the magnitude and velocity of the motion is governed by the viscosity, the external hydrostatic pressure and the pressure within the thin wetting film on the rear side of the drop. Using a simplified hydrodynamic approach, an estimated average velocity of similar to 1.5 mm/s was found, which compares well to measured ones, especially in the earlier stage of the motion where the drop retains the comet like profile. In addition, some preliminary results are briefly presented, which cleary show how both the velocity and amplitude of the migration, as well as the characteristics of the thin film on the rear side depend on the drop size and viscosity. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Abstract  Previous studies have shown addition of light liquid paraffin to enhance the elimination of organochlorine xenobiotics. In the present study the effect of paraffin on the elimination of [14C]hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was compared with the effect of possible alternative compounds, squalane and sucrose polyester (SPE). Four groups of 7 rats were fed a diet containing 1.5 ppm [14C]HCB for 4 days followed by 10 days on HCB-free diet. Thereafter one group (control) remained on this diet whereas the other 3 groups received a diet supplemented with 8% (w/w) paraffin, squalane or SPE, respectively. Radioactivity in urine and faeces was measured daily and at the end of the experiment in samples of abdominal fat, muscle, liver, kidney and blood. Dietary treatment with either paraffin, squalane or SPE markedly enhanced faecal excretion of [14C]HCB, whereas urinary excretion was not affected. Both the time course as well as the extent of faecal [14C]HCB elimination were similar in the treated groups. After 3 weeks of treatment the amount of [14C]HCB excreted with faeces was about three times higher in treated animals than in controls. The half-life (t1/2) of [14C]HCB elimination from the body was markedly decreased in treated animals (mean 34--38 days) compared to controls (110 days). [14C]HCB concentrations in some major tissues were significantly reduced to the same extent by all three dietary regimens. Thus squalane and SPE are as effective as paraffin in removing HCB from contaminated animals.

Abstract  To develop novel adjuvants for use in humans, the efficacy/toxicity (E/T) ratio of experimental products in large animal species can be investigated. The test model included two intramuscular immunizations in pigs at 3 weeks interval and analysis of immune responses and local reactions 1 week after the second injection. The antigen used to determine adjuvant activity was a well-defined, purified, viral glycoprotein that without adjuvant induces low immune responses and no detectable local reactions. Efficacy was determined by measuring ELISA and virus-neutralizing antibody titres. Toxicity was determined by necropsy and estimating size and severity of local reactions to each treatment. The persistence of the side effects was deduced from the difference in the local reaction 4 weeks after the first and 1 week after the second injection. For graphic representation of E/T ratios, toxicity was expressed in arbitrary units and plotted against antibody titre. The graphs provided insight into dose- and structure-response relationships and enabled the stepwise optimization of adjuvant candidates.

Abstract  A new graphitized carbon black (Carbograph 5) with a specific surface area (560 m(2) g(-1)) greater than those of commercially available graphitized carbons was studied by gas chromatography to determine the enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of adsorption of a series of alkanes (C-2-C-6) The adsorption properties were also investigated by considering changes in the isosteric heats and entropies of adsorption when a nonpolar stationary phase (squalane) was added to the adsorbent. The data obtained are discussed and compared with literature values for other graphitized carbon blacks.

Abstract  The polymerization of several alkyl methacrylates in nanoemulsions made by the phase inversion temperature method is presented here. The temperature versus surfactant concentration fish-like phase diagrams for a fixed mixture of alkyl methacrylate/squalane (SQ) of 95/5 w/w, Brij 56 and water were elaborated. Reaction rates were extremely fast (ca. 100% conversion in less than 3 min), and only two reaction rate intervals were observed, which is typical of nanoemulsion polymerization. It suggests that chain transfer to monomer is the main termination mechanism. The addition of squalane inhibits monomer diffusion from small droplets to larger ones and prevents the diffusion of monomer from non-reacting droplets to reacting ones, which guarantees that each monomer droplet acted as a nanoreactor. Polymer particles have similar size than the original nanoemulsion droplets indicating that the nanodroplets act as templates for the formation of the polymer nanoparticles. Reaction rates, as well as kinetics and nanoparticle characterizations by quasielastic light scattering (QLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), are reported. Spheroidal nanoparticles with similar sizes and narrow distribution were observed by TEM for poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(butyl methacrylate), and poly(hexyl methacrylate). The large molar masses and the narrow molar mass distributions were obtained by gel permeation chromatography.

Abstract  OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE OF THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOR OF A VARIETY OF HYDROCARBONS OBTAINED WITH A 200 METER OPEN TUBULAR SQUALANE COLUMN AT VARIOUS SPECIFIC TEMPERATURES. A RELATIVELY SMALL CHANGE IN COLUMN TEMPERATURE REVERSED THE RETENTION SEQUENCES OF THESE COMPOUNDS. IN ADDITION TO COLUMN TEMPERATURE, THE PROPORTIONALITY CONSTANT OF THE RELATION BETWEEN RETENTION INDICES AND BOILING POINTS FOR STRAIGHT-CHAIN ALKENES WAS A FUNCTION OF THE NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE PAIRS OF ISOMERS. MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS EXPRESSING PRECISELY THE RETENTION BEHAVIOR OF STRAIGHT-CHAIN ALKENES SEPARATED ON SQUALANE WERE DERIVED TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE DIFFERENCES OF THE ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS AND THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF VAPOR PRESSURE AND THE ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF THE COMPARED ISOMERS. THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF ISOMERS ON THEIR RETENTION TIMES IS GREATER, THE SMALLER THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEIR BOILING POINTS. (BYRD-BATTELLE)

Abstract  Stimulatory effects of several types of adjuvants on secondary antibody response to inactivated Newcastle disease virus (iNDV) were examined in chickens. For this purpose, animals were primed with iNDV without adjuvant resulting in a low but significant antibody response, boosted with iNDV plus adjuvant 3 weeks later, and analysed for specific antibody titres in serum 3 weeks after the booster. Water-in-mineral oil emulsion (W/O) caused significant increase in antibody titres measured in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA), haemagglutination inhibition (HI), and virus neutralisation (VN) assay. The adjuvants tested included three oil-in-water emulsions (i.e. mineral oil-in-water, sulpholipo(SL)-Ficoll400/squalane-in-water and sulpholipo-cyclodextrin/squalane-in-water), three negatively-charged polymers with high molecular weight (i.e. polyacrylate, polystyrenesulphonate and sulpho(S)-Ficoll400) and two surface-active agents (i.e. dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) and Quil A). These adjuvants enhanced significantly the secondary immune response but none reached the titre obtained with W/O. Combinations of adjuvants with distinct physicochemical properties, i.e. polyacrylate and DDA revealed only slight, beneficial effects. We concluded that the various types of adjuvants tested can stimulate secondary immune responses in primed animals but that W/O is superior.

Abstract  The local muscle damaging effect of a series of neuroleptics formulated in water or in oily vehicles (Viscoleo, sesame oil, methyl oleate or squalane) has been investigated after intramuscular injection in rabbits. Each drug preparation (2 ml) was administered intramuscularly in the central part of the longissimus dorsi muscle of four rabbits. The rabbits were killed three days after the injection, and the injection site was examined macroscopically. Areas of necrotic muscle tissue were isolated by dissection and weighed. All preparations in aqueous solution caused local muscle damage (large necrotic area) at the injection site. This effect was almost completely neutralized by the Viscoleo vehicle. The sesame oil, methyl oleate and squalane vehicles also neutralized the local damaging effect, but not to the same extent as that of the Viscoleo vehicle.

Abstract  The chlorination of natural water is responsible for the formation of trihalomethane (THM) and dihaloacetonitriles (DHAN). A liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) procedure has been used extensively for THM and DHAN analysis. The method is a modification of that developed by Henderson et al which used a squalane-coated Chromasorb in the column. The technique was applied to the analysis of THM and DHAN in spiked water samples and chlorinated natural waters. The LLE method avoids elevated temperature in the presence of water, thus minimizing hydrolysis. Since pentane extracts are injected, the chromatography occurs in the virtual absence of water. Use of a 10% squalane column does not degrade the DHAN. The dechlorinating agents sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfite, and ferrocyanide reacted with the DHAN. Candidate precursors for DHAN are considered to be certain amino acids, polypeptides containing the corresponding amino acyl groups at the N-terminus , and humic and fulvic substances with amino acid moieties appended to the ring system. (See also W88-00406) (Geiger-PTT)

Abstract  Adjuvant activity of novel, synthetic sucrose derivatives towards a recombinant glycoprotein was determined in large, non-rodent animal species. Compared to antigen alone, up to 3000-fold higher virus neutralizing antibody titres (VNTs) and 10-fold higher cellular responses against classical swine fever virus were observed in pigs after two immunizations with the sucrose derivatives combined with a squalane-in-water emulsion. The chemical composition of the derivative was crucial and sucrose esters containing one sulphate and seven dodecanoic (C12) or decanoic (C10) esters exerted the highest adjuvanticity. Derivatives without sulphate, with fewer fatty acid esters or with shorter or longer alkyl esters were less effective. Strong adjuvant activity of these formulations was the result of synergistic collaboration between the sucrose ester and the squalane emulsion, as factor of increase in VNT by the individual components was between 4 and 34. Enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses lasted for at least 24 weeks. We concluded that combinations of hydrophobic, negatively-charged sucrose fatty acid sulphate esters plus submicron emulsions of squalane-in-water are strong adjuvants for humoral and cell-mediated immunity and that these formulations are promising adjuvants for future vaccines containing poor immunogens.

Abstract  The principal hydrocarbons from polluted river water and from various types of unpolluted surface water in Japan were compared; results are tabulated and discussed. The presence of squalane, an unresolved mixture of hydrocarbons, and n-alkane with an even number of carbon atoms was related to the occurrence of artificial hydrocarbons (fossil fuels and industrial products), while the occurrence of n-alkanes with an odd number of carbon atoms in unpolluted waters was due mainly to the presence of algae and higher aquatic plants.

Abstract    Moroccanoil Restorative Hair Mask, £31.85 for 250ml; feelunique.com This mask penetrates into the hair shaft to repair damage from chemical treatments and environmental stress, while restoring elasticity and strength. 7.320MHz Hydrate Holistic Day Nutrition, £64 for 30ml; plantmebotanics.com Harness the divine scent and therapeutic benefits of rose otto, moringa oil, salicorne samphire and olive squalane for all-day moisture retention, daily nutrition and lipid repair.

Abstract  Organic geochemical study on an extremely acid crater lake (Yugama, pH = 1.2) of an active Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano in Japan has been carried out to clarify the features and sources of organic components in relation to biological activity. Generally, n-alkanes ranging from n-C-15 to n-C36 with a predominance of long-chain (n-C20-n-C36) n-alkanes maximizing at n-C27, n-C29 or n-C31 were detected in suspended solids (greater-than-or-equal-to 0.60 mum), sulfur aggregate and surface sediments of the lake, and soils in the surroundings of the lake, together with pristane, phytane, squalane, steranes and/or triterpanes. A series of n-alkanoic acids ranging from n-C-8 to n-C32 with a predominance of even-carbon numbers were found in all the samples, along with cis- and trans-isomers of n-alkenoic acids [n-C-16:1(DELTA7 and DELTA9) and n-C18:1 (DELTA9 and DELTA11)], iso- and anteiso-alkanoic acids (C-14-C-17), and cyclopropyl alkanoic acids (C-17 and C19). No polyenoic alkenoic acids were, however, found in all the samples. Normal 3-hydroxy acids (n-C-10-nC18) mainly maximizing at n-C-14 were detected, together with iso- and anteiso-3-hydroxy acids (C-12-C18).

The features of organic components in the lake waters and sediments indicate that they can be attributed to bacteria, such as Thiobacillus thiooxidans in addition to certain uncultured bacteria, with some influences of eroded, and/or wind-transported materials containing vascular plant debris from the surroundihgs of the lake. Low concentrations of fatty acids mainly reflect the paucity of photosynthetic producers and small living biomass in the lake. Relatively high trans/cis-C-16:1 alkenoic acid ratios (0.24-0.52) may be caused by unfavorable habitat for microbial activity in the lake. The thermal maturation parameters of (20S/20R)-24-ethyl-5alpha(H), 14alpha(H), -17alpha(H)-cholestane ratios (0.49-0.77) and (22S/22R)-17alpha(H), 21,beta(H)-30-homohopane ratios (1.0-1.4) have not reached equilibrium values, but may have been significantly influenced by hydrothermal activity in the past in Lake Yugama and the surroundings of the lake.

Abstract  THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO IDENTIFY AS MANY COMPONENTS IN THE C10 AND HEAVIER RANGE OF REFORMED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND TO UTILIZE TO THE FULLEST EXTENT POSSIBLE THE CAPABILITIES OF THE MASS SPECTROMETRIC INTERFACE IN IDENTIFYING THE CAPILLARY GC PEAKS. IT WAS POSSIBLE TO ISOLATE THE C10-C11 FRACTIONS FROM A TYPICAL REFORMATE AND THE C11-C14 FRACTION FROM AN ALKYLATED REFORMATE. THE MAJOR PEAKS APPEARING IN THE CAPILLARY GC OF THE C10-C11 CUT (21 PEAKS) WERE IDENTIFIEDAND 95 PERCENT (13 PEAKS) IN THE C11-C14 FRACTION WERE IDENTIFIED. THE C10-C11 FRACTION WAS ISOLATED BY PREPARATIVE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY USING A 5-1/2 FT COLUMN PACKED WITH OV-1 ON CHROMOSORB P. THIS FRACTION WAS INJECTED INTO A 200 FT COLUMN WITH (M-PHENOXY, PHENOXY) BENZENE/SQUALANE AND PROGRAMMED FROM 50 TO 90C AT 1C PER MINUTE. THE C11-C14 FRACTION WAS ISOLATED BY DISTILLATION OF COMPONENTS BOILING ABOVE 187 C. THE DISTILLATE WAS INJECTED IN A 150-FT COLUMN COATED WITH POLYPHENYL ETHER AND PROGRAMMED FROM 50 TO 160 C AT 5 C PER MINUTE. MASS SPECTRA WERE OBTAINED AT 70 EV WITH AN IONIZING CURRENT OF 150 MICRO AMPS. THE GC PEAKS WERE SCANNED AT 2 SEC PER DECADE FOR THE C10-C11 FRACTION AND 4 SEC PER DECADE FOR THE C11-C14 DECADE. THE CHROMATOGRAMS, FORMULAS, COMPOUND NAMES, AND BOILING POINTS OF THE FRACTIONS ARE LISTED. (LITTLE-BATTELLE)

Abstract  Adsorption of phosphatidylcholines at oil/water interfaces strongly deviates from spread monolayers at air/water surfaces. Understanding its nature and consequences could vastly improve applications in medical nanoemulsions and biotechnologies. Adsorption kinetics at interfaces of water with different oil phases were measured by profile analysis tensiometry. Adsorption kinetics for 2 different phospholipids, DPPC and POPC, as well as 2 organic phases, squalene and squalane, show that formation of interfacial monolayers is initially dominated by stress-relaxation in the first minutes. Diffusion only gradually contributes to a decrease in interfacial tension at later stages of time and higher film pressures. The results can be applied for the optimization of emulsification protocols using mechanical treatments. Emulsions using phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids are dominated much more strongly by stress-relaxation and cover interfaces very fast compared to those with saturated fatty acids. In contrast, phospholipid layers consisting of saturated fatty acids converge faster towards the equilibrium than those with unsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract  The ratios between organic carbons and hydrocarbon constituents were compared for polluted river waters from the Tokyo area and unpolluted river, brook, reservoir and pond waters from the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands to derive indicators of hydrocarbon pollution (fossil fuels and their products and both combustion products, and industrial products). The hydrocarbons as carbon (HCC)/total organic carbon (TOC), HCC/extractable organic carbon with ethyl acetate (EOC), squalane as carbon (SqC)/TOC, SqC/EOC, and unresolved complex mixture of hydrocarons (UCMH)/n-Alkane (C sub(15)-C sub(33)) ratios of the waters from the Tokyo area were much higher than those of the waters from the Ogasawara Islands. These results indicate that the HCC/TOC, HCC/EOC, UCMH/n-Alkane and CPI sub(H) values are the important indicators of hydrocarbon pollution. Further, it was suggested that the SqC/TOC and SqC/EOC ratios are useful indicators of urban-industrial activities on water systems.