Abstract  Dibutyl sebacate was not an irritant on human skin but was a slight skin irritant in rabbits and guinea-pigs. There was some evidence of skin sensitization potential in workes exposed to the sebacate. Dibutyl sebacate caused effects on the kidneys and nerve function when inhaled by rodents, but was of low acute oral and injection toxicity. Studies involving repeated oral administration revealed no sites of orally treated rats was a decrease in pup growth. A limited feeding study generated no evidence of carcinogenicity in rats. Dibutyl sebacate did not induce chromosome damage in the bone marrow of mice treated by injection. It was not mutagenic in bacterial assays (including the Ames test) or in the fruit fly.

Abstract  The toxicology of Otto-Fuels-II (106602806), a mixture of propylene-glycol-dinitrate (6423434), 2-nitrodiphenylamine (119755), and dibutyl-sebacate (109433), was reviewed with regard to its adverse health effects, toxicokinetics, human exposures, chemical and physical data, and other characteristics. The health effects of Otto-Fuels-II exposure were discussed by route of exposure: inhalation, oral, and dermal. Specifically addressed were systemic, immunological, neurological, reproductive, developmental, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects. The absorption and distribution of Otto-Fuels-II following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure were reviewed as were its metabolism, excretion, and mechanisms of action. The relevance of Otto-Fuels-II exposure to public health, biomarkers of exposure and effects, interactions between Otto-Fuels-II and other chemicals, populations particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of Otto-Fuels-II, and methods to reduce toxic effects were described and discussed. Also presented and discussed were chemical and physical data on Otto-Fuels-II, its production, import, use, and disposal, the potential for human exposure as a result of environmental releases, its environmental persistence and estimated levels in air, water, soil, and other media, occupational exposures, populations with potentially high exposures, and methods for analysis in biological and environmental samples.

Abstract  This paper reviews the emission control of particulates from diesel exhaust gases. The efficiency and exhaust emissions of diesel engines will be compared with those of otto engines (petrol engines). The formation of particulates (or 'soot'), one of the main nuisances of diesel exhaust gases, will be briefly outlined. The effects of various emission components on human health and the environment will be described, and subsequently the emission standards for particulates and for NO sub(x), which have been introduced worldwide, will be summarized. Possible measures for reducing exhaust emissions of particulates and NO sub(x) will be discussed, such as the use of alternative fuels, modifications to the engine and the use of aftertreatment devices. It will be made clear that aftertreatment devices may become necessary as diesel emission standards become more stringent, in spite of important progress in the order fields of reducing exhaust emissions. Selective catalytic reduction via hydrocarbons, ammonia or urea, a possible aftertreatment method for NO sub(x) emission control, will be discussed briefly. Filters for collecting particulates from diesel exhaust gases will be examined in more detail and aftertreatment control systems for particulate removal will be reviewed. These can be divided into (i) non-catalytic filter based systems which use burners and electric heaters to burn the soot once it has been collected on the filter; (ii) catalytic filter-based systems which consist of filters with a catalyst coating, or filters used in combination with catalytically active precursor compounds added to the diesel fuel; and (iii) catalytic non-filter-based systems in which gaseous hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and part of the hydrocarbon fraction of the particulates are oxidized in the exhaust gases. Finally, recent trends in diesel particulate emission control will be discussed, indicating the growing importance of the catalytic solutions: the fast introduction of non-filter-based catalysts for diesel engines and the possible application of filters in combination with catalytically active precursor compounds added to diesel fuel.

Abstract  The research program of the Toxic Hazards Research Unit (THRU) for the period of June 1984 through May 1985 is reviewed in this report. Chronic toxicity and oncogenic studies were carried out with hydrazine, JP-4, and JP-8. Results of histopathologic examination became available for a number of studies including chronic inhalation exposures to monomethylhydrazine, methylcyclohexane, and Otto Fuel II; and subchronic to petroleum and oil shale diesel fuel marine. These studies are now complete. Other investigations are complete except for histopathologic results. These include chronic exposures to petroleum JP-4, RJ-5, JR-7, JP-TS, and JP-10; subchronic exposures to petroleun JP-4 and JP-8; and weekly exposures to hydrazine. Three studies have concluded the exposure phases and are now being held postexposure - 90 day continuous exposures to shale JP-4 and dimethyl methylphosphonate and rat strain susceptibility to shale JP-4. A series of short-term toxicity studies was conducted on a variety of chemicals and chemical agents used by the Army, Air Force, and Navy.