Abstract  Gaskets for lids of glass jars usually consist of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) containing plasticisers and additional additives, which may migrate into packed foodstuffs. To conform to legal regulations, any such migration has to be determined analytically, which is a big challenge due to the huge chemical variety of additives in use. Therefore, a rapid screening method by means of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS), using a single-quadrupole mass spectrometer, was developed. On introducing a plastisol sample into the DART interface, protonated molecules and ammonium adducts were obtained as the typical ionisation products of any additives present, and cleavages of ester bonds as typical fragmentation processes. Generally, additives present in the 1% range could be directly and easily identified if ion suppressive effects deriving from specific molecules did not occur. These effects could be avoided by analysing toluene extracts of plastisol samples, and this also improved the sensitivity. Using this method, it was possible to identify phthalates, fatty acid amides, tributyl O-acetylcitrate, dibutyl sebacate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, 1,2-diisononyl 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate, and even more complex additives like acetylated mono- and diacylglycerides, epoxidised soybean oil, and polyadipates, with a limit of detection of < or = 1% in PVC plastisols. Only in the case of epoxidised linseed oil were levels of > or = 5% required for identification. The detection of azodicarbonamide, used as a foaming agent within the manufacturing process, was possible in principle, but was not highly reproducible due to the very low concentrations in plastisols.

Abstract  A colonic-release delivery system containing naproxen inclusion complex with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (2-HPPCD) was originally proposed. The core tablets consisting of the naproxen inclusion complex and disintegrants (Ac-Di-Sol (R), Primojel (R), Avicel (R) or Polyplasdone (R)) were formed by direct compression, and then coated with the polymers, either pH-dependent Eudragit (R) S 100 and/or pH-independent Eudrag (R) RS 100 with plasticizers like dibutyl sebacate (DBS) and aluminum tristearate (AT). The in vitro release characteristics were evaluated in simulated gastric fluid for 2 h and then subsequently in simulated intestinal fluid for 12 It. The potential histological changes were also evaluated after direct dosing of suspensions of naproxen alone and powdered mixtures of inclusion complex-loaded tablet into rat intestinal segments. No distinct colonic release was observed when disintegrants were excluded in the single-layered coated tablets regardless of coated structures, giving a zero-order fashion over 12 h. The coated tablet with double-layered structures of Eudragi (R) S 100 and Eudragi (R) RS 100 was not also applicable. In contrast, colonic release was achieved when the core tablet containing inclusion complex and disintegrant was coated with only Eudragit (R) S100 in a single-layered structure. The colonic-release tablet was resistant in gastric fluid for 2h and for 2-4h in intestinal fluid, followed by rapid release of the drug after a total of 4-6 h of lag time depending on the type of disintegrants. The lag time was advanced in case of DBS while delayed in case of AT. On histological examination, the inclusion complex-loaded suspension caused less intestinal tissue damage than naproxen alone. Based on these findings, the colonic-release tablet with enteric coatings which contains inclusion complex and disintegrants could be useful to deliver drugs like naproxen to the lower small intestine and upper colon with increased dissolution and reduced intestinal tissue damage. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Abstract  A series of systemic toxicity tests for various types of compounds are presented with illustrative data and discussed in regard to their relevance as potential screening tests for dental compounds and products. In developing and marketing a new dental material, it is important not only to ensure safety for the patient but also for the dentist, dental assistant, and laboratory worker who routinely handles and uses the product. Data are presented on a number of commercially available dental products as well as various chemical entities, which were tested by one or more of the methods described.

Abstract  Stabilizers (epoxidized linseed oil and epoxidized soybean oil) and plasticizers (acetyl tributyl citrate, diacetyl monolauryl glyceride and dibutyl sebacate) commonly used in polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) films and extracts of such films were investigated for estrogenic and androgenic activity by means of estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) competitive ligand-binding assays. Further, in in vivo experiments, ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were observed for uterine wet weight change, uterine endometrium hyperplasia and vaginal mucosa cornification, following administration of each test compound or extract orally (0.5 or 500 mg/kg) or subcutaneously (0.5 or 100 mg/kg). No significant response or change was observed with any of the test compounds or extracts, either in vitro or in vivo. The results thus indicate that neither the stabilizers and plasticizers used in PVDC films, nor their extracts, exert sex-hormonal activity.

Abstract  The present work investigates release mechanisms of theophylline pellets coated with an aqueous ethyl cellulose (EC) dispersion containing plasticizers and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a water soluble pore former. Three different drug release mechanisms from coated pellets can be determined as a function of the water solubility of the plasticizers and the ionic strength of the release medium. Coated pellets with the addition of more hydrophilic plasticizers such as triethyl citrate (TEC) or diethyl phthalate (DEP) show an approximate zero-order-release rate. In contrast, two-phase release profiles can be observed from pellets coated with dispersions containing hardly soluble plasticizers such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP) or dibutyl sebacate (DBS). Only in a release medium of high ionic strength the water soluble pore former will remain in the coating. Thus the drug diffuses through a hydrated swollen membrane containing EC, HPMC and insoluble plasticizer. The release mechanisms depend on the glass transition temperature of the ethyl cellulose and therefore on the migration of the plasticizers and the pore former. This was shown by investigation of the migration of the additives and the influence of the temperature of the release medium on the release. Additionally, the study investigates the effect of curing and storage conditions of coated pellets on the drug release rate.

Abstract  Seventy-six compounds used as artificial flavouring substances in food products were studied for mutagenic properties by the use of the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test (Ames test), Basc test on Drosophila melanogaster and micronucleus test on mouse bone marrow. The following four compounds were mutagenic in Ames tests: ethyl nitrite, ethyl 3-phenylglycidate, 6-methylquinoline and musk ambrette. Of these, ethyl nitrite and musk ambrette also induced a significant (P ⩽ 0.01) increase in sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila. Two further compounds, ethyl 3-methyl-3-phenylglycidate and 4-n-propylanisole, appeared weakly mutagenic in Drosophila only. The result with 4-n-propylanisole was judged to be of equivocal biological significance. None of the flavouring substances induced micronuclei, i.e. cytogenetic damage in the bone marrow of mice.

Abstract  The compression and compaction properties of plasticised high molecular weight USP2208 HPMC were investigated with the aim of improving tablet formation in HPMC matrices. Experiments were conducted on binary polymer-plasticiser mixtures containing 17 wt.% plasticiser, and on a model hydrophilic matrix formulation. A selection of common plasticisers, propylene glycol (PG) glycerol (GLY), dibutyl sebacate (DBS) and triacetin (TRI), were chosen to provide a range of plasticisation efficiencies. T-g values of binary mixtures determined by Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) were in rank order PG > GLY > DBS > TRI > unplasticised HPMC. Mean yield pressure, strain rate sensitivity (SRS) and plastic compaction energy were measured during the compression process, and matrix properties were monitored by tensile strength and axial expansion post-compression. Compression of HPMC:PG binary mixtures resulted in a marked reduction in mean yield pressure and a significant increase in SRS, suggesting a classical plasticisation of HPMC analogous to that produced by water. The effect of PG was also reflected in matrix properties. At compression pressures below 70 MPa, compacts had greater tensile strength than those from native polymer, and over the range 35 and 70 MPa, lower plastic compaction values showed that less energy was required to produce the compacts. Axial expansion was also reduced. Above 70 MPa tensile strength was limited to 3 MPa. These results suggest a useful improvement of HPMC compaction and matrix properties by PG plasticisation, with lowering of T-g resulting in improved deformation and internal bonding. These effects were also detectable in the model formulation containing a minimal polymer content for an HPMC matrix. Other plasticisers were largely ineffective, matrix strength was poor and axial expansion high. The hydrophobic plasticisers (DBS, TRI) reduced yield pressure substantially, but were poor plasticisers and showed compaction mechanisms that could be attributed to phase separation. The effect of different plasticisers suggests that the deformation characteristics of this HPMC in the solid state is dominated by hydroxyl mediated bonding, rather than by hydrophobic interactions between methoxyl-rich regions. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Abstract  Plasticizers in Japanese retail foods were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (SIM). The plasticizers tested were as follows: dibutyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, diisononyl adipate (DINA), dialkyl adipate, dibutyl sebacate, O-acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and diacetyllauroyl glycerol (DALG). A total of 93 samples were analyzed. For the analysis, each sample was extracted by a method suitable to its nature and cleaned using Florisil(R) and Bondesil PSA(R) dual layer columns. The recovery of plasticizers from fortified food samples was 62.0-131.0%, except in the case of DINA. The limit of detection (LOD) was different for each sample species and plasticizers. For example, the LOD for plasticizers in retort-pouched baby food was 0.0004-0.037 mug/g. A retort-pouched baby food sample was found to be contaminated by DEHP at the Japanese tolerable daily intake (TDI) level, 40 mug/kg/day. The source of contamination was presumed to be disposable gloves because the baby food was produced before the prohibition of DEHP-containing poly vinyl chloride (PVC) gloves by the Japanese government. After that prohibition, products generally contained much lower levels of DEHR A higher level of DALG was detected in the other baby food samples, although it became clear that DALG did not originate as contamination from plastics but was added as a food additive. ATBC was detected in bottled sake samples at levels of around 3-7 mug/g, having migrated from the gasket of the bottle cap. ATBC and DALG levels in the above foods were quite low compared with their no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or guideline levels as food additives.

Abstract  Dibutyl Adipate, the diester of butyl alcohol and adipic acid, functions as a plasticizer, skin-conditioning agent, and solvent in cosmetic formulations. It is reportedly used at a concentration of 5% in nail polish and 8% in suntan gels, creams, and liquids. Dibutyl Adipate is soluble in organic solvents, but practically insoluble in water. Dibutyl Adipate does not absorb radiation in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the spectrum. Dibutyl Adipate is not toxic in acute oral or dermal animal toxicity tests. In a subchronic dermal toxicity study, 1.0 ml/kg day-1 caused a significant reduction in body weight gain in rabbits, but 0.5 ml/kg/day was without effect. In a study with dogs, no adverse effects were observed when an emulsion containing 6.25% Dibutyl Adipate was applied to the entire body twice a week for 3 months. Dibutyl Adipate was tested or dermal irritation using rabbits and mice and a none to minimal irritation was observed. Dibutyl Adipate at a concentration of 25 % was not a sensitizer in a guinea pig maximization study. Undiluted Dibutyl Adipate was minimally irritating to the eyes of rabbits and 0.1 % was nonirritating. A significant increase in fetal gross abnormalities was observed in rats given intraperitoneal injections of Dibutyl Adipate at 1.75 ml/kg on 3 separate days during gestation, but no effect was seen in animals given 1.05 ml/kg Dibutyl Adipate was as not genotoxic in either bacterial or mammalian test systems. Clinical patch tests confirmed the absence of skin irritation found in animal tests. Clinical phototoxicity tests were negative. Dibutyl Adipate at 0.1 % was not an ocular irritant in two male volunteers. In a clinical test of comedogenicity, Dibutyl Adipate produced no effect. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel recognized that use of Dibutyl Adipate in suntan cosmetic products will result in repeated, frequent exposure in a leave-on product. The available data demonstrate no skin sensitization or cumulative skin irritation, no comedogenicity, and no genotoxicity. Combined with the data demonstrating little acute toxicity, no skin or ocular irritation, and no reproductive or developmental toxicity, these data form an adequate basis for reaching a conclusion that Dibutyl Adipate is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the practices of use and concentrations as reflected in this safety assessment.

Abstract  OBJECTIVE: This study examined temporary restorative resins that use non-phthalate ester plasticizers.

METHODS: Three non-phthalate plasticizers were tested: tri-ethyl citrate (TEC), tri-butyl citrate (TBC), and di-butyl sebacate (DBS). The experimental resins were compared with resins that use a phthalate ester plasticizer (di-butyl phthalate, DBP) and commercial products (Dura Seal, Plast Seal, and Fit Seal). For the experimental resins, the ratio of plasticizer to PMMA/MMA resin was varied from 30 to 60% (wt). The mechanical properties of the experimental resins were evaluated using a modified diametral compressive strength and the resistance to explorer insertion.

RESULTS: The strengths of the experimental resins with plasticizer concentrations ranging from 40 to 50% (TEC, TBC, and DBP) or from 30 to 40% (DBS), by weight, were equivalent to the strengths of commercial temporary restorative resins. A similar tendency was seen for the resistance to explorer insertion.

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that new temporary restorative resins can be prepared by choosing the appropriate proportions of resin monomer and non-phthalate ester plasticizer.

Abstract  Otto Fuel II, a propellant in torpedoes, is composed of 76% 1,2 propanediol dinitrate (PGDN), 22.5% di-n-butyl sebacate, and 1.5% 2-nitrodiphenylamine (NDPA), and is largely recalcitrant to aerobic microbial degradation. Anaerobic microbial degradation of Otto Fuel II was tested by inoculating anaerobic enrichment media, containing either 2% (vol:vol) complete Otto Fuel II or 2% of a 0.02% solution of Otto Fuel II in methanol, with soil and water from sites contaminated with munitions or with landfill leachate. Anaerobic bacterial growth was completely inhibited by 2% Otto Fuel II. Two mixed bacterial enrichments developed in anaerobic media containing 2% (v/v) of a 0.02% solution of Otto Fuel II in methanol. After incubation, PGDN could not be detected in either enrichment, but was also not detectable in sterile controls, suggesting abiotic degradation of low concentrations of PGDN in reduced anaerobic medium. NDPA did not degrade in either enrichment. Similarly, complete Otto Fuel was recalcitrant to degradation by highly reducing methanogenic biomass collected from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactor (UASB). A comparison of the degradative ability of autoclaved and viable biomass showed that low concentrations of PGDN autodegraded, however unlike the autoclaved anaerobic biomass, the viable anaerobic biomass degraded the NDPA component of Otto Fuel II. Two strains of anaerobic clostridia, strains SP3 and SPF, that caused the disappearance of NDPA at its limit of solubility in culture media, were isolated from the UASB bioreactor biomass. SP3 and SPF were shown, by comparison of 16S rDNA sequences, to be most closely related to Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium cochlearium respectively. Although NDPA was lost from cultures of both strains, metabolic end products were not identified. Neither strain could degrade NDPA unless supplied with an alternative energy source. In the culture system used, NDPA stimulated the growth of SP3 but it had no appreciable effect on the growth of SPF. Both SP3 and SPF degraded low concentrations of trinitrotoluene (TNT), without the production of detectable concentrations of aromatic amines. A possible method for the remediation of small spills of Otto Fuel II is suggested.

Abstract  A potentiometric chemosensor for selective determination of sertraline was developed based on the molecular imprinting technique. The molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized by precipitation polymerization, using sertraline hydrochloride as a template molecule, methacrylic acid as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linking agent. The sensor was developed by dispersing the sertraline imprinted polymer particles in dibutyl sebacate plasticizer and embedding in poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. Characteristics of the proposed sensor were evaluated by measuring the potential response to sertraline hydrochloride in the range from 1.0 mu mol L-1 to 10 mmol L-1 with a near Nernstian response of 57.7 mV decade(-1) and a limit of detection of 0.8 mu mol L-1. The potentiometric selectivity coefficients of the proposed sensor were evaluated and it exhibited good selectivity to sertraline with respect to the other antidepressants. It was used as indicator electrode in potentiometric determination of sertraline in tablets and biological fluids.

Abstract  This study examined the antimicrobial/antifungal ability of a tissue conditioner containing a photocatalyst for Escherichia colt, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The photocatalyst was mixed with tissue conditioners powders at concentrations of 0, 10, 15, and 20 wt%. Tissue conditioners powders containing a photocatalyst were mixed with liquid to make test specimens. Test specimens inoculated by each microorganism were irradiated by ultraviolet light for 0-, 2- and 4 hours. The antimicrobial/antifungal effects were evaluated by the CFU technique. The CFU values of each microorganism for tissue conditioners containing a photocatalyst showed significant decrease following UV-irradiation. The improvement in antimicrobial/antifungal effects was concomitant with the increase of the mixing ratio and the irradiation time. Therefore, the results indicated that tissue conditioners containing a photocatalyst might have photocatalytic ability.

Abstract  Based on phase transfer processes ethylcellulose (EC) latex was prepared using dibutyl sebacate (DBS) as plasticizer and oleic acid, ammonia water as an emulsifier to evaluate film-formation properties. Atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the surface features, practical size and differential scanning colorimetry was employed to investigate the effect of plasticizer on glass transition temperature of the resulting materials. The influences of emulsifier concentration on the particle size and on the viscosity were studied. The viscosity initially showed a decreased tendency and then increased linearly with increasing emulsifier concentration. On the other hand, the surface tension decreased considerably up to about 4 wt%, and then it almost remains unchanged with increasing emulsifier concentration. The polymer particle size was identified to be a very crucial formulation parameter, determining the resulting film coating structure and properties. Importantly the particle size decreased systemically with increasing emulsifier concentration up to about 2 wt% and then increased markedly with increasing emulsifier concentration. In addition, the results indicated that the incorporation of polymeric plasticizer substantially reduced the glass transition temperature (Tg) and softening temperature. Moreover, the home-synthesized EC latex could be used effectively to coat materials for drug release.

Abstract  Six potential plasticizers for an ethylcellulose (EC) pseudolatex coating system (Aquacoat) were evaluated at three levels (25, 30, and 35%) to study the influence of these additives on the release of a model compound, propranolol hydrochloride, from pellets in two different media, dilute HCl and phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. For the majority of the plasticizers, the release rate decreased when larger amounts of plasticizer were incorporated into the coating. However, for the plasticizers dibutyl sebacate and dibutyl adipate, no further reduction in the release rate was observed following dissolution testing in dilute HCl when the level of plasticizer was increased from 30 to 35%. This suggests that the saturation capacity of these plasticizers in the film coating had been exceeded. The media pH was found to influence the dissolution characteristics of the coatings. Faster release rates as well as earlier curve inflection points and T50% values were observed for plasticizers evaluated in phosphate buffer. All plasticizers used were independent of pH. Correlation of the dissolution results with properties of free films indicated that slower release (more complete film formation) is associated with softer and weaker films with greater elongation.

Abstract  Novel in situ forming implants are presented showing a promising potential to overcome one of the major practical hurdles associated with local periodontitis treatment: limited adhesion to the surrounding tissue, resulting in accidental expulsion of at least parts of the implants from the patients' pockets. This leads to high uncertainties in the systems' residence times at the site of action and in the resulting drug exposure. In the present study, the addition of different types and amounts of plasticizers (acetyltributyl citrate and dibutyl sebacate) as well as of adhesive polymers (e.g., cellulose derivatives such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) is shown to allow for a significant increase in the stickiness of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based implants. The systems are formed in situ from N-methyl pyrrolidone-based liquid formulations. Importantly, at the same time, good plastic deformability of the implants can be provided and desired drug release patterns can be fine-tuned using several formulation tools. The antimicrobial activity of this new type of in situ forming implants, loaded with doxycycline hyclate, was demonstrated using the agar well diffusion method and multiple Streptococcus strains isolated from the oral microflora of patients suffering from periodontitis.

Abstract  Swellable porous hydrogel beads were loaded with diclofenac sodium and then coated with pseudo-latex ethylcellulose (EC) in a fluidized-bed spray coater. The drug release profile in-vitro can be modified by adding 25% or more triethyl citrate (TEC) or dibutyl sebacate (DBS) as a plasticizer. The plasticized coating film can overcome the swelling stress of the core and function as a barrier for sustained drug release. Adding TEC resulted in a near-zero order kinetics after an initial burst in the release profile, and adding DBS showed a first initial burst, a second stage of linear release, a third stage of slow release. The initial burst is due to the flaws or cracks on the surface of the coated-beads and it can be reduced by increasing the amount of plasticizer or film thickness and also by adjusting the thermal treatment time. A 4- to 6-h treatment at 60 degrees C was found to be the optimal condition to give the smallest initial burst for coating film containing TEC as a plasticizer. Adding hydrophilic hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) could smooth the initial burst and change the release profile to a Fickian-type release, and in this case increasing the thermal treatment time could reduce the release rate. Two kinds of EC-coated beads were tested in-vivo by using rabbits as animal models and showed good sustained release behaviors as the drug concentration in plasma could be maintained above 0.4 mu g/ml and lower than 1.5 mu g/ml for 24 h. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

Abstract  Recycled polyvinyl butyral (PVB) from the automotive industry was chemically modified by melt mixing with a vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) silanation reagent, which tends to react with the hydroxyls present in the PVB structure to generate crosslinked bonds between the chains. This chemical modification resulted in the improvement of the solvent resistance to organic solvents without deeply impairing the mechanical properties of the polymer. The mixing of PVB with VTMS was carried out in an internal mixer equipped with roller type rotors and the mixture was subsequently compression molded. Soxhlet extraction confirmed a 70% increase in the modified polymer gel content. Depending on the mixing time, the dynamic crosslinking reactions occurring during this time did not prevent the compression molding of the polymer. Furthermore, static crosslinking was observed during compression molding, which resulted in the maximum crosslinking degree and solvent resistance. DMA analysis indicated different molecular structures produced by different mixing times and varying static and dynamic crosslink ratios. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that dibutyl sebacate was the main plasticizer of the recycled PVB. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the molecular structure of the modified polymer affected the decomposition of PVB. (C) 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

Abstract  Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for maleic anhydride( MAN) and its absorption solvents are important for developing and researching the MAN production process. Isothermal VLE data for MAN and di-n-butylsebacate (DBS) binary system at 413. 15, 433. 15 and 453. 15 K were determined with a modified ebulliometer in this work. Saturated pressure of pure DBS and MAN were measured and their Antoine constants were obtained. The experimental results were correlated and calculated using the NRTL model. The UNIFAC model was also used to predict the VLE data. At the same time, the parameters of the NRTL model for the MAN(1) + DBS (2) binary system were obtained. And the predicted results show a good agreement between the correlated data and the experimental data.

Abstract  Electrochemical Oxidation can offer a viable alternative to incineration, landfill, and deep well injection for disposal of harmful chemicals. The U.S. Navy generates about one million pounds of Otto Fuel LI waste per year. About two thirds of the waste is liquid and one third of it is solid waste contaminated with the fuel. Otto Fuel II is a three component liquid monopropellant used for torpedo propulsion. The Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center has been tasked to conduct a feasibility study utilizing an indirect electrochemical oxidation process for the destruction of Otto Fuel II waste, and provide technical and engineering support for construction of a full scale disposal facility at the Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Keyport, WA. Indirect electrochemical oxidation of organic materials is facilitated by using metals ions in a mineral acid electrolyte as a regenerative catalyst or mediator. Silver, cobalt, nickel, cerium, magnesium, and iron have been used as regenerative oxidants(1).

Catalyzed Electrochemical Oxidation (CEO), a low temperature and low pressure electrochemical oxidation process developed by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL) is being examined for use in the destruction of Otto Fuel II Waste(2,3). The CEO process uses the regenerative oxidant cerium (Ce3+/Ce4+) for the treatment of organic waste. Laboratory and bench scale studies showed that Otto Fuel II is readily destroyed by the CEO process. Pilot scale CEO studies are planned to determine the operational requirements for a full scale CEO plant to treat Otto Fuel LI waste. A summary of this work will be presented in this paper. The primary focus of the paper centers around the establishment of requirements for a full scale CEO facility.

Abstract  The mechanical and permeability properties of mixed ethylcellulose/pectin films cast from dibutyl sebacate (DBS) plasticised aqueous dispersions of Aquacoat(R) and Pectin USP have been investigated. The films were subjected to tensile testing and the tensile strength (sigma), work of failure, elongation at break, elastic modulus (E) and the sigma/E ratio have been determined. Increasing concentrations of pectin imparted increasing brittleness and decreasing toughness to the films. Despite the inclusion of increasing quantities of the hydrophilic pectin into the films, the permeability to moisture remained essentially the same. The results imply that there is a limit to the amount of pectin that can be included in the coating material to still produce a satisfactory film, but the protective nature of the ethylcellulose to moisture is not compromised. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Abstract  A novel cellulose-based oil absorbent crosslinked cellulose-dibutyl sebacate copolymers was prepared by the graft crosslinking polymerization of in situ synthesized dibutyl sebacate and cotton cellulose using potassium persulfate as an initiator. The copolymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, etc. The effects of reaction conditions, such as, ratio of reaction regents, reaction temperature, reaction time, etc, on the efficiency of oil absorbency were examined. The optimized reaction conditions for the synthesis of crosslinked cellulose-dibutyl sebacate copolymers were: m(cotton pulp):m(K2S2O8 initiator):m(dibutyl sebacate) = 1:0.025 :2.0(W/W), 75 degrees C, and 5-6 h. The resulting crosslinked cellulose-dibutyl sebacate copolymers were floppy and exhibited excellent oil absorbency efficiency.