Abstract  A feasibility study has been carried out of the analysis of total condensate (at -50-degrees-C) of smoke from smoldering combustion of wood. All of the phenol and furan components in the aqueous condensate were extracted into methylene chloride and the extract was analyzed by GC/MS. The same homologues of guaiacol and syringol derived from lignin were detected as have been described in earlier studies, but in addition, a series of furan derivatives were found. The latter are believed to arise from pyrolysis of polysaccharides. The carboxylic acids in the condensates were analyzed by titration and subsequent GC/MS. Acetic acid was the dominant volatile acid found, with a trace of propanoic, but no significant formic acid.

Abstract  Novel cationic gemini surfactants, 1,3-bis[(acyloxyalkyl)dimethylammonio]-2-hydroxypropane dichloride, which possess hydrolyzable oxycarbonyl moieties in the lipophilic portions, were prepared. These surfactants showed much better micelle-forming ability, ability to lower surface tension, foaming ability, and foam stability than corresponding single-chain surfactants. Their surface properties were largely influenced by changing the position of the oxycarbonyl group in the lipophilic moiety. The critical micelle concentration decreased with a decreasing number of methylene units in the linking moiety between the ammonio and the oxycarbonyl groups within the comparison of lipophilic chains of the same length. These cationic gemini surfactants also showed good biodegradability.

Abstract  Twenty-seven carboxamide derivatives of (+/-)-cis-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (permethrin acid) have been synthesized and evaluated in the laboratory against mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti). These cis-cyclopropylcarboxamides, with N-(substituted)phenyl, N-(substituted)phenylmethyl, N-(substituted)phenylethyl, N-phenylpropyl, and N-phenylbutyl groups, were synthesized from the acid chloride of permethrin acid and various arylamines in methylene chloride. The samples were characterized by C-13 NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Secondary amides with electron-donating (e.g., methoxy) and electron-withdrawing (e.g., trifluoromethyl) substituents on the phenyl ring as well as nine tertiary amides were investigated. 3-(2,2-Dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-N-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methylcyclopropanecarboxamide was the most active experimental compound and was 25 times less potent than (+/-)-cis-permethrin. Cyclopropylcarboxamides of the N-(substituted)phenyl, N-(substituted)phenylethyl, and N-phenylpropyl types were essentially inactive in the larvicidal tests.

Abstract  We present a periodic density functional theory study of the energetic profile of the fluorination of dichloromethane over the (0 0 0 1) surface of alpha-alumina. This is a model system for the industrially important fluorination process used in synthesis of fluorohydrocarbon replacements of the environmentally detrimental chlorofluorcarbons. The results indicate that HF is readily, and strongly, chemisorbed to the alumina surface producing a surface fluorine ion and a hydroxyl group. Using this model of the fluorinated surface we calculate the adsorption energy of dichloromethane and estimate the barrier to its reaction to CH2ClF through an S(N)2 scheme with the surface fluorine acting as a nucleophile. From the energy profile generated we propose a kinetic scheme and estimate the expected experimentally observed barrier for the overall process. To test the calculation results we have also carried out experimental studies of dichloromethane fluorination over alpha-alumina and show that the calculated and measured activation energies are in good agreement. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Abstract  A 100-200-mesh methoxybenzhydrylamine resin was used as a solid carrier. The first amino acid was introduced on the resin, and all 28 amino acids of peptide A were subsequently coupled, by the carbodiimide method. The a-amino function was protected with BOC group, and the side chains were blocked with the following groups: Asp, cyclohexyl; Ser and Thr, benzyl; and Tyr 2-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl. Boc(Fmoc)Lys were added at positions 11, 12, 20, 21 and 29 to have at further steps the analog contg. hArg in these positions. Boc was removed with 55% TFA in dichloromethane, and Fmoc was removed with 50% piperidine in DMF After Fmoc was removed from Lys, the substituted guanidine group was introduced by the reaction with NN% bis(tert-butyloxycarbonyt)-S-methylisothiourea in the presence of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine. All Boc were removed from the fully protected peptidyl polymer by the reaction with trifluoroacetic acid. The remaining protecting groups left the peptide while it was cleaved from the resin with liq. HF The HF was removed, the residue was washed with Et2O, and crude peptide was extd. with 50% AcOH and lyophilized. The acetate form was obtained on an ion-exchange resin and preparative HPLC gave 99.7% pure A. Polysulfonic filters were used during the preparation of the stable and reproducible pharmaceutical form of A, viz., an aq. lyophilizate (phosphate buffer) contg. 100 mu g peptide A and mannitol per ampule. Peptide A was about a few score times as bioactive as the hGH-RH reference peptide, completely nontoxic in doses up to 120 ig and resistant to enzymatic degradation, increased the level of hGH and the no. of somatotropic cells in animal pituitary glands, and affected no other pituitary hormones.

Abstract  Imidazole and 2-chloropyridine were used as model molecules to investigate the acid hydrolysis kinetics of agrochemicals in high-temperature water in a batch reactor system at 28MPa. Pseudo-first-order hydrolysis reaction rate constants for the acid hydrolysis of Imidazole and 2-chloropyridine were determined in the temperature ranges 200600 and 400575 degrees C, respectively, at 28MPa. Rate constants for both compounds increased with temperature with a local maximum observed at around 400 degrees C due to changes in the physical properties of the solvent. Imidazole and 2-chloropyridine conversions of 0.95 and 0.99999 were respectively attained at the highest temperature after 30min of reaction. (c) 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering

Abstract  Poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) films were synthesized by using benzene and fluorosulphonic acid (FSO3H) as a strong acid containing Ag+, Pb2+ and Cu+ ions in methylene chloride (CH,CI,) solution. Addition of Ag+ or Pb2+ ions into the polymerization medium improved the PPP films formation, but Cu+ ion did not have an effect on polymerization. PPP films were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, IR and TGA. Dry conductivities were measured by using four probe technique.

Abstract  The application of drug delivery systems in oral environment is relatively a new area of research with the exception of release of fluoride ions from polyalkenoate cements and their predecessor silicate cements. The present study addresses development of a novel device based on ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), a biocompatible material which enables constant drug release over several days to treat oral infections. Drugs incorporated in EVA included tetracycline, minocycline and nystatin together with combinations (C) of nytatin-tetracycline (1 : 1) and nystatin-minocycline (1 : 1). Polymer casting solutions were prepared by dissolving EVA and the drugs in the ratio of 10 : 1 in 70 ml of dichloromethane at 38 degreesC for 6 h. Thin square films of 3x3 cm and 1 mm thickness were cut from the dry sheet obtained by solvent evaporation. Drug loaded samples were extracted for a minimum of 15 days in 10 ml medium (water or water/ethanol (1 : 2) or 0.9% saline solution) which is replaced daily. Spectral measurements were made to follow changes in optical densities (OD) during release kinetics. Analysis of the data revealed that among all the drugs tested tetracycline exhibited the highest release rate (56.15ug/cm(2)/day) and % cumulative release (27.92).The observed enhanced values may be interpreted as due to the channels formed due to changes in free volume (microvoids). In case of nystatin-minocycline combination, the observed increased values of release rates and percent cumulative release, may be attributed to the swelling component or channels or relative hydrophobic interactions. Initial "burst" effects due to liberation of surface-bound drug molecules were observed with reference to all the three drugs and the combinations of drugs studied. Among all the drugs, minocycline exhibited the least "burst" effect suggesting that the drug is more homogeneously distributed in the copolymer. Drug loaded EVA thermoplastic copolymer may provide a favorable therapeutic material for the development of a novel, local treatment for oral, mucosal and periodontal infections. (C) 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Abstract  A total of 36 compounds, which comprised 99.4% of the extract, were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the volatile dichloromethane extract obtained from Egyptian corn silk. The main constituents of the volatile extract were cis-alpha-terpineol (24.22%), 6,11-oxidoacor-4-ene (18.06%), citronellol (16.18%), trans-pinocamphone (5.86%), eugenol (4.37%), neo-iso-3-thujanol (2.59%), and cis-sabinene hydrate (2.28%). Dried Egyptian corn silk was also directly extracted with petroleum ether, ethanol, and water. All extracts from solvent extraction and the volatile extract described above exhibited clear antioxidant activities at levels of 50-400 microg/mL in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)/linoleic acid assay. The ethanol extract inhibited DPPH activity by 84% at a level of 400 microg/mL. All samples tested via the beta-carotene bleaching assay also exhibited satisfactory antioxidant activity with clear dose responses. This study indicates that corn silk could be used to produce novel natural antioxidants as well as a flavoring agent in various food products.

Abstract  The time dependence of carbon dioxide (CO2) transport properties, such as permeability, solubility, and diffusivity, in glassy polyimide membranes was investigated in terms of membrane preparation protocols (i.e., casting solvent and thermal treatment). The polyimide used was 6FDA-TeMPD (4,4-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diplithalic anhydride) (6FDA)-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylene-diamine (TeMPD). The time dependence of C02 permeability in the as-cast 6FDA-TeD4PD membranes prepared from tetrahydrofuran and dichloromethane showed typical CO2-induced plasticization at pressures over 10 atm. The critical plasticization pressure at which CO2-induced plasticization begins to affect the gas permeability shifted from nearly 10-30 atm after heat treatment. The increase in CO2 permeability upon plasticization is mostly caused by an increase in C02 diffusivity. Furthermore, we found that regardless of the membrane preparation protocol, there is a critical CO2 diffusivity of 73 5 x 10-8 CM2/S at the plasticization pressure in 6FDA-TeMPD membranes. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Abstract  The study has been done on the effect of heat treatment of activated carbon at 1573-1773 K on its structural and electronic properties as a catalyst support. The X-ray diffraction result indicated that a partly graphitized structure was formed when the activated carbon was heated to a high temperature (1673 K). From the X-ray photoclectron spectroscopy result, it was found that Pt degrees concentration was increased, but PtO and PtO2 concentrations were decreased with an increase in the heat treatment temperature. From the van Dam's model applied to this result, it might be concluded that more "pi-sites" are created as the heat treatment temperature becomes higher. From the CO-chemisorption result, the highest loading was observed in case of Pt/AC1673 sample. This improved loading ability could be explained by the special interaction of the graphitic planes (pi-sites) with the metal particles. Based on the catalytic activity, CO-chemisorption and XPS results, it is concluded that the well-loaded Pt degrees species mainly contribute to the catalytic activity. Moreover, it was found that different degrees of graphitization of heat treated activated carbon Could cause different surface Pt degrees and improve the resistance of carbon support against gasification under air oxidation. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract  In view of developing new drug-delivery systems, microparticles of biocompatible polymer loaded with protein were produced using a supercritical antisolvent technique. As the polymer, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) of about 100 000 Da was used, whereas insulin was chosen as the protein model. To achieve microencapsulation, we started from a homogeneous solution of protein and polymer, to which the supercritical antisolvent is added; mixtures of dichloromethane and dimethyl sulfoxide were used to ensure the solubility of both the polymer and the protein. All experiments were performed in semicontinuous mode. A preliminary study with PLA alone was done in order to select the best operative condition and to control the particle dimension and their diameter distribution range, especially with mixtures of the two solvents. Then, the microspheres of PLA charged with insulin were produced; the average diameters ranged from 0.5 to 2 mum The composition of these particles was determined analytically, and the protein bioactivity was checked.

Abstract  Polymers of lactic and glycolic acid are often used for the production of injectible microparticles with controlled drug release. In the variety of processes used for the microparticle formulation, the Aerosol Solvent Extraction System (ASES) is rather special. Microparticle formation and drying take place in one step by precipitating a methylene chloride solution of the polymer in supercritical CO2. This process sets special requirements to the polymers in crystallinity, solubility, and thermal behavior that are best fulfilled by blocked copolymers. This study investigates a number of lactide-co-glycolide polymers with blocked distribution of the co-monomers by NMR spectroscopy and powder diffraction. The molar ratios are determined by H-1-NMR spectroscopy to verify the manufacturer's declarations of the purchased specimens. Additionally, the block length is determined by application of C-13-NMR. Therefore, a method reported in the literature was modified and evaluated in order to calculate the length of lactide and glycolide sequences in the polymer. Furthermore, this study looks at the impact of synthesis conditions on block length and crystallinity, and the impact of the blocking on both, crystallinity and solubility of the polymers. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract  In this research, char was prepared from Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) cave-in-rock species and characterized from the perspective of value addition either as a soil amendment or as a feedstock for energy production. Char from torrefaction/pyrolysis was produced in a fixed bed lab-scale reactor, using a N-2 flow at three temperatures (300, 400, and 500 degrees C) and for two residency times (2.5 and 5 minutes). Proximate and ultimate analyses as well as calorific value tests were done on each of the chars obtained. Chars scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures were taken. Organic composition of char leachates was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) following a Soxhlet extraction with dichloromethane. Char was analyzed using FTIR-ATR. No significant difference was observed in most char characteristics between 2.5 and 5 min residency times, for each temperature studied. Among the compounds identified, two may be of particular interest with respect to the biochar domain. 1-undecanol, a compound commonly used as a growth regulator in agriculture, was observed in 300 and 400 degrees C chars for 5 and 2.5 min residence time, respectively. Naphthalene, commonly used as an ingredient in pesticide products, was the only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) observed in chars and was found solely in the extracts obtained from the char produced at 500 degrees C (for both residency times).

Abstract  The sorption and transport properties of small molecules in a glassy liquid crystalline random copolyester, composed of 73 mol% p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 27 mol% 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HBA/HNA), are reported. Acetone and methylene chloride sorption levels were extraordinarily low in HBA/HNA, and isotherms were convex to the activity axis, suggesting plasticization of the region of polymer accommodating penetrant sorption. These composite observations suggested that penetrant solubility may be limited to disclination regions between liquid crystalline domains. The gravimetric sorption kinetics were described by the Fickian model at low penetrant activities but exhibited non-Fickian protracted drifts at high penetrant activities, despite low overall penetrant concentrations. The values of acetone and methylene chloride diffusion coefficients in HBA/HNA were comparable to diffusion coefficient values of these penetrants in conventional glassy polymers.

Abstract  The development of potassium fluoride as a practical non-covalent support for a carboxylic acid containing a pyrrolidine substituent with organocatalytic activity in the asymmetric Michael addition is described. The immobilization is carried out by simply treating the catalytic ligand in dichloromethane (DCM) solution with non-anhydrous potassium fluoride (KF). XRD and FTIR results suggest that the organocatalyst is efficiently loaded onto KF through strong hydrogen bond (SHB) formation, affording the KF-supported catalyst (KF-supCAT, 8) for the direct asymmetric Michael addition of carbonyl compounds to trans-beta-nitrostyrenes. Good yields, excellent diastereoselectivities (up to 99:1 syn:anti) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee for the syn diastereomer) are recorded in the Michael additions of cyclohexanone to trans-beta-nitrostyrenes, considerably improving previous results obtained with a closely related catalyst covalently immobilized onto polystyrene. The KF-supCAT could be recovered and recycled three times by increasing the supersaturation degree of the solution. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Abstract  Deposits from different sections of a newsprint paper mill, using 100% recovered paper, were analyzed following an analytical procedure based on scaning electron microscopy-electron dispersive X-ray and consecutive solvent extraction steps with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses of the different fractions. Polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylates, styrene butadiene rubber, and derivatives of fatty acids/resin acids are the main stickies-related components identified in the deposits. The removal efficiency of these contaminants along the deinking line was studied by determining the composition of the dichloromethane extractives in the pulp by FTIR analyses. Although the total stickies content is reduced considerably during the process, some compounds, which are found in the deposits, are not removed selectively in the process, indicating their recalcitrant nature. FTIR analyses of unusable materials coming with the raw material (mainly board and mixed office waste) have demonstrated that these materials are one of the main sources of these types of recalcitrant stickies.

Abstract  Some new 5-substituted 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives and their Al(III) complex dyes (Al(2)(3)-Al(9)(3)) have been synthesised. The compounds were characterized by H-1, C-13, mass and elemental analysis. The aluminium complexes retain the spectroscopic properties of the parent compound, namely, tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminium (III) (AlQ(3)). In dichloromethane solution, these aluminium complexes show absorption maxima in the range of 390-395 nm, strong green luminescence in the range 527-536 nm and aluminium complexes show high fluorescence quantum yield in solution and thin films. The fluorescence decay in solution as well as in thin film is fitted to biexponential with tau(av) ranging from 3 to 9 ns. Electroluminescence (EL) of the spin-cast film of Al(3)(3) (3 = 5-(2-ethylhexyloxymethyl)-8-hydroxyquinoline) as the emitting layer was performed and the turn-on voltage for the EL device is about 11 V. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract  Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (X-band, 9.3 GHz) was used to characterize paramagnetic centres of reductively ethylated and butylated Polish flame coal (70.8 wt% C) in a potassium-liquid ammonia system. The processes of reduction and reductive alkylation decreased total concentration of paramagnetic centres in this coal. The decrease in the total amount of paramagnetic centres with the increase in H/C atomic ratio of the sample was observed for multistage reduced and butylated coa;. Different correlations between total concentration of free radicals in 1-4 times reduced and reductively butylated coal and their yield of dichloromethane extract were demonstrated. Numerical analysis of the lineshape of the e.p.r. spectra proved existence of two groups of paramagnetic centres with narrow and broad lines in the studied coal samples. Paramagnetic centres responsible for the broad e.p.r. components were the most active during reductive alkylation of the coal. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract  In response to producer reports of poor efficacy using published treatments against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) infestations of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, we initiated a preliminary study to see which of the compounds that are permissible in food-fish aquaculture were efficacious under what we judged to be ideal laboratory conditions. We planned to use the results of this work as a basis for further study in the field. In our studies we used fingerling catfish in glass aquariums with stable water quality and daily treatments in both static and flow-through water systems. In some experiments, infested fish and healthy fish were stocked together so that the ability of the treatment to eliminate preexisting infestations could be examined separately from the treatment's ability to block transmission. Malachite green and methylene blue were used as positive controls, and untreated fish were used as the negative control for efficacy. Treatments with sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, elevated temperatures, chloramine-T, povidone iodine, and high flow rates were ineffective under all conditions and concentrations tested. Alternate-day treatments with formalin at 25 and 50 mg/L in static water or 100 mg/L in flow-through water aquariums were not effective at eliminating infestations or preventing fish-to-fish transmission. Daily treatments with 50 mg/L formalin in static water or 100 mg/L formalin in flow-th-rough water aquariums were toxic to channel catfish. Formalin at 25 mg/L in static water aquariums was effective at eliminating infestations and reducing fish-to-fish transmission when used as a daily treatment. Copper sulfate was effective in blocking the infestation of healthy fish, but it did not eliminate established infestations on channel catfish, even after 20 daily treatments under static conditions. Malachite green and methylene blue eliminated established infestations on fish, whereas copper only prevented transmission; this suggests that the dyes are able to penetrate deeply or act systemically, allowing them to kill subcutaneous stages of ich. Further field trials were not pursued because none of the legal or economically viable treatments showed efficacy under presumably ideal laboratory conditions.

Abstract  Mated and virgin female and virgin male tobacco budworm moths, Heliothis virescens (F.), responded via directed upwind flight in wind-tunnel bioassays to volatiles from floral extracts of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Significantly more male and female moths landed on cloth dispensers treated with a methylene chloride extract of debracted flowers than on control dispensers treated only with methylene chloride. Only mated females landed in significant numbers on the dispensers treated with extract of cotton squares, flowers (including bracts), or flower petals. After landing, most of the moths examined the dispensers by probing with their antennae, proboscis, and/or ovipositor.

Abstract  A flat flame simulation was performed to model experimental data from a dichloromethane/methane/air flame. A detailed elementary reaction mechanism was used to carry out the simulation and to obtain insights about key chemical processes occurring in various regions of the flame. The flame was at stoichiometric conditions with a Cl/H ratio of 0.34. The PREMIX flat flame program was used to obtain the calculated results. Comparisons between calculation and experiment were good for the three reactants and five of the seven stable intermediates for which experimental data were available. Calculated CO2 and CO profiles were also good, but were found to be offset from experiment by 0.02 cm, with the calculated profiles occurring too late in the flame. A reaction rate analysis found that the flame developed in three stages, an initiation stage, a chlorine inhibited oxidation stage, and finally CO burnout by the reaction CO + OH. The initiation stage was dominated by chlorine abstraction of H atoms from the fuel species and recombination of dichloromethyl, chloromethyl and methyl radicals to C-2's. This initiation stage was found to occur in the flame at temperatures of 1070 K to 1500 K. The oxidation stage was characterized by temperatures between 1500 K and 1660 K. CO2 formation from CO + OH was found to be inhibited in the initiation stage and oxidation stage. Once the temperature reached 1660 K OH radicals became available through the endothermic reactions O + H2O and O + HCl, and CO + OH became the dominant pathway for CO2 formation.

Abstract  Nymphal lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum, were allowed to engorge on domestic rabbits that had received diets containing 0, 5 or 10% perennial snakeweed foliage. Tick attachment was reduced 39 and 35% on rabbits ingesting 5 and 10% snakeweed foliage, respectively. Adult ticks reared from engorged nymphs showed no treatment differences in survivability, engorgement weight or hatchability of egg masses. In a study conducted on sheep, adult ticks, confined in cells to an area with half of the skin surface treated with methylene chloride extracts of snakeweed foliage, attached significantly less often to treated skin compared to cells half-treated with acetone. When confined in cells to an area totally treated with snakeweed foliage extracts, a mean of 12.5, 4.5 and 0 ticks (out of 40 ticks per cell) attached to skin treated with acidic, basic or neutral extracts, respectively, compared to a mean of 16.7 in acetone-treated cells.

Abstract  V(x)-SBA-15 materials (vanadium content in the 0.7-4.8 wt.% range) were prepared by direct synthesis and tested in the catalytic decomposition of dichloromethane: a SBA-15 silica and a V/SBA-15 prepared by impregnation were used as reference samples. The structural and surface properties of all samples were characterized by means of complementary physico-chemical techniques. V(x)-SBA-15 materials containing isolated vanadium sites were catalytically active towards dichloromethane conversion, with maximum conversion obtained by the catalyst having 2.2 wt.% vanadium. In V(x)-SBA-15 materials prepared by direct synthesis, vanadium occurs mainly as isolated sites with tetrahedral coordination as far as its content does not reach the theoretical monolayer capacity (ca. 4 wt.%): unlike catalysts prepared by traditional impregnation method, oligomeric VOx species form only at high vanadium content. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Abstract  Nineteen plant extracts from 16 medicinal plants were assayed for their antifungal activity against rice pathogenic fungi on PDA plates containing plant extracts. Among the plants tested. Aegle marmelos, Desmos chinensis, and Micromelum minutum revealed moderate to strong activities against 5 tested fungal species with more than 65.1% inhibition. The dichloromethane extract from D. chinensis leaves showed high antifungal activity against all 6 fungi. The dichloromethane extract possessed antifungal activity against Bipolaris oryzae, Pyricularia oryzae, and Sclerotium rolfsii with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values ranging from 3.9 to 31.2 mu g/ml and 31.2 to 500 mu g/ml, respectively. Bioautography assay on TLC plates with Bipolaris setariae, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme, P. oryzae, and S. rolfsii displayed high antifungal activity with RI-value ranging from 0.32 to 0.37. Effects of the extract on the morphology of B. setariae, C. lunata, F. moniliforme, P. oryzae, and S. rolfsii were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The micrographs of mycelia and spores treated with the extract at 4MIC illustrated aberrant surface morphology and reduced conidial formation in 4 fungal species. The results demonstrated that D. chinensis extract possess antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi and the activity might lead to irreversible cellular disruption. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.