Abstract  Although still not back to pre-recession levels, the pigments market has continued to recover. Pigment companies are reporting a decrease in supply issues and an increase in demand for certain market segments, such as automotive coatings.

Abstract  This problem formulation document refines the conditions of use, exposures and hazards presented in the scope of the risk evaluation for C.I. Pigment Violet 29 and presents refined conceptual models and analysis plans that describe how EPA expects to evaluate the risk for C.I. Pigment Violet 29. EPA also identifies any conditions of use, hazards, or exposure pathways which were included in the scope document but which EPA does not plan to further analyze in the risk evaluation. EPA expects to be able to reach conclusions about particular conditions of use, hazards, or exposure pathways without further analysis and therefore plans to conduct no further analysis on those conditions of use, hazards or exposure pathways in order to focus the Agency’s resources on more extensive or quantitative analyses. EPA may, on a case-by case basis, exclude certain activities that EPA has determined to be conditions of use in order to focus its analytical efforts on those exposures that are likely to present the greatest concern, and consequently merit a risk evaluation. EPA’s overall objectives in the risk evaluation process are to conduct timely, relevant, high-quality, and scientifically credible risk evaluations within the statutory deadlines, and to evaluate the conditions of use that raise greatest potential for risk. 82 FR 33726, 33728 (July 20, 2017).

Abstract  This document presents the scope of the risk evaluation to be conducted for Pigment Violet 29. If a hazard, exposure, condition of use or potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulation has not been discussed, EPA, at this point in time, is not intending to include it in the scope of the risk evaluation. As per the rulemaking, Procedures for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), with respect to conditions of use in conducting a risk evaluation under TSCA, EPA will first identify “circumstances” that constitute “conditions of use” for each chemical. While EPA interprets this as largely a factual determination—i.e., EPA is to determine whether a chemical substance is actually involved in one or more of the activities listed in the definition—the determination will inevitably involve the exercise of some discretion.

Abstract  Pigments are defined as inorganic or organic, chromatic or achromatic coloring agents that are practically insoluble in the application medium (DIN 55 943). Dyes are coloring agents that are soluble in the application medium. See also →  Pigments, Inorganic, 1. General. In coloring , the crystalline pigment is applied in the solid state, not in dissolved form, to the medium being colored. Both the chemical and the physical properties of pigments (e.g., particle size, particle‐size distribution, special types of surface and specific surface area, crystal modification, and crystal form) are important for their industrial applications. Pigment fractions may, however, also be soluble, depending on the composition of the system to be colored and processing conditions. Important properties of the pigmented system, especially migration, recrystallization, thermal stability, lightfastness, weather resistance, and coloristic properties, are often decisively influenced by the dissolved pigment fractions. Many organic pigments and dyes have the same basic chemical structure. The insolubility required in pigments can be obtained by excluding solubilizing groups, by forming insoluble salts (lake formation) of carboxylic or sulfonic acids, by metal‐ complex formation in compounds without solubilizing groups, and particularly by incorporating groups that reduce solubility (e.g., amide groups). Organic pigments can be classified in various ways, the two main criteria being chemical structure and coloristic features. A strict subdivision according to one of these criteria is not possible because of overlap. In this article, pigments are classified largely on the basis of chemical structure. They are broadly divided into azo pigments and nonazo or polycyclic pigments. Azo pigments are by far the largest group, not least because they are generally easy to produce and therefore more economical to use. Polycyclic pigments are synthesized according to many widely varying principles. Both groups of pigments can be further subdivided according to their chemical properties and uses. Characteristic properties and most important uses are given for each of the pigment classes described. Examples have been selected on the basis of technical and industrial importance.