Abstract  Manufacture of gold jewelry is one of the manufacturing processes involving several dangerous chemicals. These chemicals are used for melting, refining, welding, electroplating, and polishing the gold metal. This research aimed to determine the health risk as the resulted of the exposure to copper and nitrogen dioxide of the goldsmiths in Malimongan village Sub wajo, Makassar city. The research used observational design with the environmental health risk assessment approach. The 30 environmental samples and 30 human samples were chosen using the simple random sampling. The data were analyzed using the Environmental Health Risk Analysis and processed using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS version 21. The research results of indoor concentrations copper from measurement point all represent bellow 1 mg/m3. The highest concentration is 0,07390 mg/m3 and the lowest is 0,0015 mg/m3, the mean concentration of Copper is 0,0268 mg/m3. As for NO2 measurement point also is concentrations below 3 ppm, the highest concentration is 0,020 ppm and the lowest is 0,010 ppm, the mean concentration of nitrogen dioxide is 0,0154 ppm. The non carcinogenic risk to copper of the goldsmiths showed that the average is 3,927. From the 30 people indicated 23 goldsmiths (76,7%) at risk had RQ≥1 and 7 goldsmiths (23,3%) had risk RQ≤ 1, the health risk NO2 average is 0,05947. In conclusion, from all of respondent 30 people (100%) had RQ≤1. Goldsmiths has shown risks of exposure copper but not nitrogen dioxide.

Abstract  First published in 1973 as Standard 62, Standard 62.1 specifies minimum ventilation rates and other measures for new and existing buildings that are intended to provide indoor air quality that is acceptable to human occupants and that minimizes adverse health effects. Whereas changes to the 2013 edition of the standard primarily focused on usability and clarity, the 2016 edition includes a major change to the scope of the standard by which residential occupancies are moved from Standard 62.1 to Standard 62.2. Other changes to the 2016 edition include the following: - A revised definition of "environmental tobacco smoke" (ETS) to include emissions from electronic smoking devices and the smoking of cannabis - Revised operations and maintenance requirements to better align Standard 62.1 with the requirements in ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 180-2012 - New requirements to the Indoor Air Quality Procedure for determining minimum ventilation rates by considering the combined effects of multiple contaminants of concern on individual organ systems - A change to explicitly allow environmental health and safety professionals to determine whether a lower air class is appropriate for a particular laboratory exhaust system - A change to allow ventilation to be reduced to zero through the use of occupancy sensors for spaces of selected occupancy types - Changes related to demand control ventilation to make clear that the standard is

Abstract  The relationship of the acute LC50 of chemicals to their chronic toxicity for aquatic animals can be expressed as the acute chronic ratio (ACR). Based on ACR data accumulated from the literature, the size ranges of ACRs for various chemicals were determined for different species. The relationship and significance of the size of the ACR for various species, LC50 values, bioconcentration factors, classes of chemicals and their uses and mode of toxic action are given. Eighty-six percent of the LC50 acute toxicity data were less than two orders of magnitude different from the chronic toxicity no-effect concentration for the same chemicals and species. Among the industrial organic chemicals (i.e., excluding pesticides and metals) the average ACR for four species of organisms was 12. Ninety-three percent of these ACR values were 25 or below. Industrial organic chemicals have a higher percentage of ACR values below 25 do than pesticides and heavy metals. These data offer a statistical basis for the prediction of chronic toxicity from acute toxicity.

Abstract  This Handbook was prepared by the Science Policy Council (SPC) for EPA staff and managers and others as a guide to Risk Characterization. It implements EPA’s March 1995 Risk Characterization Policy which improved on the foundation of the February 1992 Agency-wide policy for risk characterization. Both the 1992 and 1995 documents point out that “... scientific uncertainty is a fact of life (and) ... a balanced discussion of reliable conclusions and related uncertainties enhances, rather than detracts, from the overall credibility of each assessment …”. Both also note that while the role of science to inform but not make decisions is widely recognized in EPA, and in the larger risk assessment and regulatory community, these communities often use the risk assessment number as the stated reason for decisions, not always clearly highlighting the legal, economic, social and other non-scientific issues that also go into the decision.

Abstract  A diffusion model to account for the disposition of an arbitrary dose of a (potentially) volatile compound applied to skin from a volatile vehicle is presented. In its most general form, the model allows for variable diffusivity of the permeant in the stratum corneum (SC) and must be solved numerically. However, for permeants having a constant diffusivity, absorption, and evaporation is characterized in terms of four dimensionless parameters—a reduced time t, a fractional deposition depth in the SC f, a ratio of membrane capacity for the permeant to the applied dose b, and a ratio of evaporative mass transfer coefficient to diffusive permeability w. An important combination of these parameters arises as the reduced dose Mr ¼ (fb) 1 . Two cases are distinguished. In Case 1, corresponding to Mr 1, the dose is less than that required to saturate the upper layers of the SC, and the shape of the absorption and evaporation profiles is independent of the dose. Analytical solutions to Case 1 may be derived for arbitrary initial distributions of the permeant; the solution for a square wave is presented. In Case 2, corresponding to Mr > 1, absorption and evaporation approach steady-state values as the dose is increased. Numerical evaluations of this behavior are shown. Limiting behavior for the case of a highly volatile solvent applied to skin is discussed. A companion paper discusses the application of the model to the absorption and evaporation of benzyl alcohol from human skin in vitro. 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 95:268–280, 2006.

Abstract  This final risk evaluation for 1,4-dioxane was performed in accordance with the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act and is being issued following public comment and peer review. The Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act amended the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the Nation’s primary chemicals management law, in June 2016. Under the amended statute, EPA is required, under TSCA § 6(b), to conduct risk evaluations to determine whether a chemical substance presents unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment, under the conditions of use, without consideration of costs or other non-risk factors, including an unreasonable risk to potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations (PESS), identified as relevant to the risk evaluation. Also, as required by TSCA § (6)(b), EPA established, by rule, a process to conduct these risk evaluations. Procedures for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic Substances Control Act (82 FR 33726) (Risk Evaluation Rule). This risk evaluation is in conformance with TSCA § 6(b), and the Risk Evaluation Rule, and is to be used to inform risk management decisions. In accordance with TSCA Section 6(b), if EPA finds unreasonable risk from a chemical substance under its conditions of use in any final risk evaluation, the Agency will propose actions to address those risks within the timeframe required by TSCA. However, any proposed or final determination that a chemical substance presents unreasonable risk under TSCA Section 6(b) is not the same as a finding that a chemical substance is “imminently hazardous” under TSCA Section 7. The conclusions, findings, and determinations in this final risk evaluation are for the purpose of identifying whether the chemical substance presents unreasonable risk or no unreasonable risk under the conditions of use, in accordance with TSCA Section 6, and are not intended to represent any findings under TSCA Section 7.