Abstract  Since its inception in the early 1950's, this book has become the "bible" for those who need to evaluate the hazard of substances used in commerce. The book contains extensive data on approximately 28,000 substances. It is designed to fill the information needs of professionals who must work with and evaluate the hazards of chemicals.

Abstract  The exposure equations used in the Swimmer Exposure Model (SWIMODEL) were originally conceived by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) Antimicrobials Division (AD). These equations are used to develop screening exposure estimates tailored to swimmers exposed to pool chemicals and breakdown products in indoor pools and spas (Dang, 1996). This model is a modification of a study used by Beech (1980) for estimating exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in swimming pools. The model uses well-accepted screening exposure assessment equations to calculate swimmers’ total exposure expressed as a mass-based intake value (mg/event), or lifetime average daily dose (mg/kg/day). SWIMODEL focuses on potential chemical intakes only, it does not take into account metabolism or excretion of the chemical of concern.

Abstract  The estimation and assessment of substance exposure (EASE) model has been under development and in use since the early 1990s. It is a general model that can be used to predict workplace exposure to any substance hazardous to health. The current EASE model (version 2.0) has been used widely in the risk assessment of new and existing chemicals by the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and other regulatory agencies. EASE has also been distributed globally to over 200 users and therefore may have been used for many other purposes. Despite widespread use of the model, neither the development of its structure nor its underlying concepts and principles have been published in the open literature. Using surviving documentary evidence and discussions with key personnel, the creation and development of the model from 1992 to 2002 is described. The role of the HSE's National Exposure Database (NEDB) as the principal data source for the development of the model output exposure ranges is described. A number of problems and limitations of the model have been identified and the description of the model's development provides some explanation of their presence.

Abstract  Glycidol is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

Abstract  This document presents background information and justification for the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Summary of the hazard and dose-response assessment of 1,4-dioxane. IRIS Summaries may include oral reference dose (RfD) and inhalation reference concentration (RfC) values for chronic and subchronic exposure durations, and a carcinogenicity assessment.

Abstract  In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans and to produce monographs on individual chemicals. The Monographs programme has since been expanded to include consideration of exposures to complex mixtures of chemicals (which occur, for example, in some occupations and as a result of human habits) and of exposures to other agents, such as radiation and viruses. With Supplement 6 (IARC, 1987a), the title of the series was modified from IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans to IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, in order to reflect the widened scope of the programme. The criteria established in 1971 to evaluate carcinogenic risk to humans were adopted by the working groups whose deliberations resulted in the first 16 volumes of the IARC Monographs series. Those criteria were subsequently updated by further adhoc working groups (IARC, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1987b, 1988, 1991a; Vainio et al., 1992).