Abstract  Objectives: To assess the risk of lung cancer associated with occupations and industries. Methods: A French population-based case-control study included 2923 cases and 3555 controls. Lifelong occupational history was collected. Two lists of occupations known (A) or suspected (B) to be associated with lung cancer were used. Occupations and industries not included in these lists were also explored. Results: Among men, the smoking-adjusted odds ratio was 1.97 for list A (attributable fraction: 12.3%), 1.4 for list B (due especially to carpenters/joiners and transport workers). Among unlisted occupations, excess risks were found for welders, plumbers, and several construction crafts. Odds ratios among women were elevated for list A, list B (due especially to launderers/dry cleaners), cleaners and hairdressers. Conclusions: These results confirm the role of known occupations and give insight into new occupational risk factors among men and women.

Abstract  OBJECTIVES: A cross sectional study was undertaken to assess lung health among plumbers and pipefitters. Respiratory symptoms, lung function, and radiographic changes among 99 actively employed plumbers and pipefitters with > or = 20 years of union membership were compared with 100 telephone workers.

METHODS: A respiratory symptom questionnaire was administered, including smoking and occupational histories. Spirometry was conducted according to standard criteria. Posteroanterior chest radiographs were evaluated by two experienced chest physicians, with a third arbitrating disagreed films. Members of the union were categorised as pipefitters (n = 57), plumbers (n = 16), or welders (n = 26), based on longest service, and compared with the telephone workers and internally (between groups). Lung health was also compared with employment in several work sectors common to Alberta for time, and for time weighted by exposure to dust and fumes.

RESULTS: Compared with the telephone workers, plumbers and pipefitters had more cough and phlegm, lower forced vital capacity, and more radiographic changes (20% with any change), including circumscribed (10%) and diffuse pleural thickening (9%). None of the plumbers and pipefitters had small radiographic opacities. Among the three subgroups of workers, plumbers had the highest prevalence of radiographic changes. Both plumbers and pipefitters showed higher odds ratios for cough and phlegm than the welders. No differences between groups were found for lung function. Indicators of lung health were not related to work in any sector.

CONCLUSIONS: Plumbers and pipefitters had increased prevalence of symptoms suggestive of an irritant effect with no evidence of bronchial responsiveness. The chest radiographs showed evidence of asbestos exposure, especially in the plumbers, but at lower levels than previously reported. Health screening programmes for these workers should be considered, although the logistical problems associated with screening in this group would be considerable.

Abstract  Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and dimethylformamide (DMF) continue to be important, widely used solvents involved in a wide variety of industrial applications. As liquids with relatively low vapor pressures, contact with both the integumentary and respiratory systems is the main source of human exposure. Although airborne control levels for the workplace have been established and industrial hygiene practices to limit dermal contact have been put in place, use of these chemicals has been associated with occupational illness, mainly in Asia where new and expanded uses have led to overexposures. Thus an update of the basic toxicology data including tables indicating the dose/exposure response characteristics of both DMAC and DMF is currently important. Both chemicals are similar from a toxicology perspective. Human experience has generally shown the materials to be without adverse effect except under conditions where airborne and dermal controls were not properly applied. The use of urinary metabolite monitoring has successfully been employed to measure integrated dermal and inhalation worker exposure. The chemicals are not particularly toxic following acute exposure but high doses can produce damage to the liver, the organ which is first affected by these two chemicals. Repeated dose/exposure studies have characterized both the targets of toxicity and the doses required to produce changes by various routes of exposure. Higher doses of these materials can produce changes in developing systems, infrequently in experiments at doses in which the maternal animal is unaffected, thus care needs to be taken when exposures are to women of child-bearing age. The chemicals appear to be low in genetic activity and inhalation exposures have not shown the materials to produce tumors in rodents except with DMF in a situation in which aerosol formation was encountered. This presentation extends the two previous reviews and, like those, includes updated information on acetamide and formamide and their monomethyl derivatives as well as the commercially important DMAC and DMF. Since a large portion of the newer information deals with effects in humans and biomonitoring, these sections are presented at the start of this review.

Abstract  Sensitive methods for quantifying DNA adducts from (i) benzo[a]pyrene (BP), (ii) alkylation exposure, and (iii) etheno(epsilon)-DNA adduct-forming chemicals were developed and applied to humans and animal models. The aims were to identify hitherto unknown sources and mechanisms of exogenous and endogenous DNA damage, to examine the effect of drug polymorphism on BP adduct levels, and to develop QSAR between tumorigenic potency, heritable genetic damage and structural elements of alkylating carcinogens (Vogel and Nivard (1994) Mutation Res., 395, 13-32). (i) BP-DNA adducts: An HPLC/fluorimetry assay suitable for measuring(+)-anti-BP-diol-epoxide (BPDE) adducts in human tissues and white blood cells (WBC) was developed (Alexandrov et al. (1992) Cancer Res., 52, 6248-6253). In smokers, a positive correlation was found between pulmonary CYP1A1-related catalytic activity (AHH) and the level of lung BPDE-DNA adducts. In coke oven workers, an enhancing effect of smoking on BPDE-adduct levels in WBC was demonstrated (Rojas et al. (1995) Carcinogenesis, 16, 1373-1376). (ii) 3-Alkyladenines (3-alkAde): Alkylating carcinogens form 3-alkAde adducts in DNA which depurinate to yield 3-alkAde in urine, for which a detection method was developed (Friesen et al. (1991) Chem. Res. Toxicol., 4, 102-106; Prevost et al. (1990) Carcinogenesis, 11, 1747-1751), using immunoaffinity purification and GC-MS analysis. The usefulness of 3-alkAde analysis for the determination of the whole-body dose of alkylating agents derived from exogenous and endogenous sources was demonstrated. (iii) Etheno-DNA adduct-forming agents: Etheno(epsilon)-DNA base adducts (epsilon dA,epsilon dC,epsilon dG) are promutagenic DNA lesions that are formed by occupational (vinyl halides) and environmental (urethane) carcinogens. An ultrasensitive detection method was developed (Nair et al. (1995) Carcinogenesis, 16, 613-617), based on immunoaffinity purification and P-32-postlabelling of epsilon-nucleoside 3'-monophosphates. Liver DNA from unexposed rats, mice and from human samples contained background levels of epsilon dA and epsilon dC (Bartsch et al. (1994) Drug Metab. Rev., 26, 349-371). As formation of epsilon dA and epsilon dC adducts by lipid peroxidation products was demonstrated (El Ghissassi et al. (1995) Chem. Res. Toxicol., 8, 278-283), they may serve as markers for oxidative stress. Results from testing this hypothesis are presented.

Abstract  The present study was conducted in a Chinese population to evaluate the usefulness and sensitivity of PAH-DNA adduct as a biomarker of PAH exposure, and to examine the potential effects of smoking and polymorphisms of responsive genes on DNA adduct formation induced by PAH exposure. The polymorphisms of genes examined include GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) and excision repair cross-complementary group 2 (ERCC2). A total of 194 subjects with a broad range of PAH exposures were recruited, including 116 occupationally exposed workers, 49 metropolitan residents and 29 suburban gardeners. A significant exposure-response relationship was observed between PAH exposure and DNA adducts in leukocytes across the entire group of subjects (p < 0.0001). The levels of PAH-DNA adducts in the subgroup with lowest occupational exposure to PAHs (< 0.1 microg BaP m(-3)) was significantly higher than that in metropolitan residents and suburban gardeners. However, no significant difference was detected between residents and gardeners, with mean BaP concentrations of 0.028 and 0.011 microg m(-3), respectively. The polymorphisms of genes examined failed to show significant effects on PAH-induced adduct formation except ERCC2 Lys751Gln genotypes. A significantly higher level of PAH-DNA adduct was found in subjects with wild-type ERCC2 than those who have either heterozygous or homozygous variant alleles (p < 0.01). Smoking, age and gender did not substantially contribute to PAH-induced DNA adduct formation in this study. The study suggests that PAH-DNA adducts may serve as a reliable biomarker of PAH exposure in occupational settings but may not be sensitive enough to be used in populations with environmental exposures to PAHs.

Abstract  Final rept. Oct 93-Apr 95. c acid anodizing (CAA), a common aluminum pretreatment, forms a thick oxide film which provides protection against environmental degradation. Chromium VI, however, is a carcinogen and its widespread use as a corrosion inhibitor is being restricted. The Navy has targeted chromated maintenance operations for reduction of hazardous waste generation. Alternative anodize processes include: Phosphoric Acid Anodizing, Boeing Aerospace Corp's Boric-Sulfuric Acid Anodize and thin film sulfuric acid anodizing (TFSAA). This report describes an investigation on the performance properties of TFSAA and CAA both sealed and unsealed on various substrates with and without standard Navy coating systems. At specific coating weights, TFSAA could effectively provide equivalent corrosion resistance and paint adhesion as compared to CAA. Replacement of CAA eliminates the need for expensive control equipment required under the Clean Air Act, resulting in $M's in cost avoidance for the Navy. jg p.3.

Abstract  Final rept. 1997-2000. rrosion inhibitor of choice in the Air Force is hexavalent chromium (CrVI). CrVI is present in aircraft coating pretreatments as chromic acid and in primers as metallic chromates. Worker exposures to chromate compounds can occur during application of the pretreatment and primer. In addition, depainting (removal of old organic coatings) and mechanical sanding of existing coating systems can release particulates that contain chromates from previously-applied primers. These particulates can also present a CrVI exposure risk. Cr VII compounds have been linked to occupational diseases, specifically dermatitis, nasal irritation, and lung cancer. Water soluble CrVI compounds, such as chromic acid, are confirmed human carcinogens; metallic chromates are considered either confirmed or suspected human carcinogens, depending on the specific metal attached to the chromate. Over the last three years, the industrial Hygiene Branch of the Air Force institute for Environment, Safety and Occupational Health Risk Analysis (AFIERA) collaborated with the Air Force Structural Maintenance community to identify improved methods to reduce CrVIj exposures during corrosion control procedures. We completed a series of field evaluations at Shaw, Cannon, Holloman, Nellis, Hill, Robins, Tinker, and McChord AFBs, and a chromate reduction study at Shaw and Cannon. This technical report summarizes our recommended sampling methodology, data interpretation, and chromate reduction techniques to reduce chromate exposures.

Abstract  Interim rept. for 1999-2003. iginal document contains color images. jor advantage of the Department of Defense (DOD)-P-15328DD1 wash primer is to enhance corrosion resistance through the passivation of the metal surface. In the U.S. Army's Chemical Agent Resistant Coating (CARC) system, the wash primer DOD-P-15328D is overcoated with an epoxy primer and followed by a camouflage urethane topcoat. Several coating procedures specify the use of the wash primer, DOD-P-15328D, as a surface treatment prior to the application of an epoxy primer/polyurethane topcoat CARC system. The current wash primer contains large amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) that impact coating operations due to air pollution regulations that may require the use of control devices to reduce the total VOC/HAP emissions to the atmosphere. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has evaluated new water-reducible wash primers that do not contain hexavalent chromium and significantly minimize VOC and HAP. Coatings have been extensively tested for accelerated corrosion and adhesion and have completed 2 years of outdoor exposure testing. ARL will conduct tests on military equipment to validate the lab and controlled testing previously completed. Affected installations, facilities, and weapons systems are excellent candidates for this evaluation because application of DOD-P-15328D is a key step prior to applying the remaining CARC system coating.

Abstract  Final rept. Jan-May 2004. iginal document contains color images. Project no. 622618-H80. c coating systems are one of the most efficient methods for protecting metals from corrosion, and the use of chromate primers vastly improves corrosion protection. However, environmental concerns about hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) toxicity have led to the development of many non-chromate coatings. In recent years, water-borne coatings have emerged as viable alternatives and provide the additional advantage of having low content of volatile organic compounds. Since the performance of chromated coatings tends to exceed that of their environmentally friendly counterparts, evaluations of some non-chromate alternatives need to be performed. This report compares the performance of three military primers: MIL-P-23377C (chromated), MIL-P-85582C (chromated), and MIL-P-85582N (non-chromated) on three common military alloys.

Abstract  Memorandum rept. for May 2000-May 2005. iginal document contains color images. Project no. EPP-0023. Performed in cooperation with Rowan Technology Group, Libertyville, IL, GE Aircraft Engines, Cincinnati, OH, Pratt AND Whitney, East Hartford, CT, Metcut Research Inc., Cincinnati, OH, and Concurrent Technologies Corp., Johnstown, PA. hromium electroplating is extensively used by aircraft manufacturers and military maintenance depots to provide wear and/or corrosion resistance or to restore dimensional tolerance to components. However, chrome plating utilizes hexavalent chromium, which is a highly toxic carcinogen, and increasingly, stringent environmental and worker-safety regulations are making chrome plating more expensive for the DoD. This document constitutes the final report on a project to qualify high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) and plasma thermal spray coatings as a replacement for hard chrome plating on gas turbine engine components. Extensive fatigue, fretting wear, salt-fog corrosion, and carbon-seal wear tests were performed on HVOF, WC/17Co, Tribaloy 400, Tribaloy 800, and Cr3C2/20(NiCr), and plasma-sprayed Tribaloy 400 coatings compared to hard chromium. In general, the HVOF WC/17Co coatings demonstrated superior performance. An accelerated test on a TF33 engine containing seven components coated with HVOF WC/17Co showed superior performance to what would have been expected using the standard hard chromium. A cost/benefit analysis indicates that military repair depots that overhaul gas turbine engines can realize substantial savings by converting from hard chrome to HVOF.

Abstract  Final rept. icipation of the lowering of OSHA permissible exposure limits (PEL) for several compounds found in welding fume in the near future, Panel SP- 7 of the National Shipbuilding Research Program contracted with DynCorp to identify and evaluate the economic and workplace impact of the lowered limits by examining welding processes used in the shipbuilding industry, gathering air sample data, and addressing the impact of the anticipated reduction. It is anticipated that the PEL for hexavalent chromium will be reduced from the current level of 100 micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3) to between 0.5 - 5.0 ug/m3 and that a the PEL will be established for manganese at 200 ug/m3. A total of three interim deliverables were produced during this project. Task No. 1 - Information Search is presented in Appendix 1. Task No. 2 - Regulatory Impact Analysis is presented in Appendix 2. Task No. 3 - Field Evaluations is presented in Appendix 3. Photographs collected during site visits are presented in Appendix 4. Six engineering control methods were selected for evaluation based upon the Information Search and commercial availability. The six methods selected were fume extractor guns, fixed fume extraction systems, portable fume extraction systems, low fume welding wires, downdraft/backdraft tables, and fume filtration devices. No single engineering control observed consistently reduced worker fume exposures to levels below the lowest anticipated OSHA PEL reductions. The annual cost of compliance for each shipyard worker is estimated at $24,094 if the PEL for Cr6 is reduced to 0.5 ug/m3. This cost estimation, completed in 1997, does not include the anticipated cost impact of the new OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard, which became effective April 8, 1998.

Abstract  Final rept. Project ER-200636, The original document contains color images. Prepared in cooperation with the University of California. nology demonstration was conducted at the Well No. 2 in Rialto, California to treat perchlorate contaminated groundwater using a novel biological treatment system. The new treatment relies on autotrophic perchlorate reducing bacteria immobilized on zero valent iron (ZVI). As ZVI corrodes in water, hydrogen is released from the reduction of water which is then used by perchlorate reducing bacteria as a source of electrons. Prior to this technology demonstration, we conducted extensive research in the laboratory to determine the treatment performance under a range of simulated field conditions and to develop a better understanding of the treatment process. The results of the laboratory studies formed the basis of this ESTCP award, as they showed that the process was very promising with relatively high perchlorate reduction rates. Also, hydrogen has significant advantages compared to organic carbon as an electron donor. It minimizes biomass growth and has a low potential for disinfection by-products precursors compared to organic substrates such as acetate. Other potential advantages include the possible reduction (biotic or abiotic) of nitrate, TCE, hexavalent chromium, and the possible control by adsorption of chromium, uranium, and arsenic ions. The concept could also be translated into subsurface treatment, for example in a funnel and gate reactive barrier. The main objective of this project was to test and demonstrate the efficacy of the ZVI supported biological reduction of perchlorate. Additional objectives were to 1) obtain pertinent data that will guide full-scale design and operation, 2) provide relevant data for treatment cost estimation and comparison, 3) provide the necessary data leading to possible permitting of the process by California DPH, and 4) disseminate the results in various forms to promote technology transfer.

Abstract  Briefing charts. ted at the Annual Partners in Environmental Technology Technical Symposium and Workshop (15th), held on 30 Nov-2 Dec 2010, in Washington, DC. Sponsored by SERDP and ESTCP. d its members have a long history in minimizing the use of hexavalent chromium in the manufacture of its products. Included in that history are the results of over 25 years of working with DoD engineering professionals through a variety of projects to test hexavalent chromium product replacements. Hexavalent chromium test data have been shared among companies within the industry since the early 1980s. Success in replacement use occurred for some sealant, primer, and plating applications. The industry continues to evaluate replacements for conversion coating, anodizing, descaling, passivation plating, cleaning and many other process and materials applications. Through the many individual company and joint research and testing programs, AIA members learned that the development and implementation of hexavalent chromium replacement compounds is exceptionally complex. Certification and qualification testing continues for many applications due to unique customer or weapon system requirements. Implementation of replacements are often hindered by cost and technical risks to a product's other system requirements. With increasing regulatory and public pressure to further reduce hexavalent chromium usage, the aerospace industry continues to seek alternatives.

Abstract  Briefing charts. ted at the NDIA Environment, Energy Security & Sustainability (E2S2) Symposium & Exhibition held 14-17 June 2010 in Denver, CO. Contains briefing charts only. lent chromium compounds are wonderful corrosion inhibitors. Hexavalent chromium compounds are toxic. We ve learned how to use them safely. It can be expensive to control, store, dispose. Liability issues always loom. National & international procedures and regulations are tightening. There are safer substitutes for some/many applications.

Abstract  The incorporation of radioactive contaminants into corrosion product scales on metals is being investigated using in-situ spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. To facilitate the study, stable isotopes are used initially, while the corrosion films are simulated by electrodeposition of the appropriate oxide (hydroxide) onto a graphite substrate. Synchrotron x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to determine the structure and composition of the host oxide film, as well as the local structure of the impurity ion. Results on the incorporation of Sr and Ce into surface films of Ni(OH)(sub 2) and NiOOH are reported. Cathodically deposited Ni(OH)(sub 2) was found to be mainly in the (alpha) form while anodically prepared NiOOH consists of Ni(sup +2) and Ni(sup +4) phases. Sr in the films consists mainly of Sr(sup 2+) which appears to be coordinated to oxygen atoms and is likely to exist as small domains of co-precipitated material. Ce in Ni(OH)(sub 2) exists mainly as Ce(sup +3) and as a Ce(sup +4) species when co-deposited with NiOOH. The structure of the Ce(sup +4) phase appears similar to a Ce(OH)(sub 4) standard. However, x-ray diffraction and laser Raman measurements indicate that the latter chemical formulation is probably incorrect and that the material is more likely to be a disordered hydrous cerium oxide. Ce chemisorbed on Ni(OH)(sub 2) and NiOOH films is predominantly in the +3 valency state. Iron oxide films prepared by anodic deposition from borate buffer solution containing Fe(sup +2), has been found by XAS to consist mainly of (alpha) FeOOH. The latter has been found by others to be the constituent of the corrosion film on iron; this lends credence to the present simulation approach. Future work will involve studies on the incorporation of radioactive Sr, Ce, and Cs, as well as U, into nickel and iron oxide films. Investigations on the structure and composition of chromium oxide films, the effect of temperature on the energetics and mechanism of incorporation of heavy metal ions, as well as the subsequent dissolution of the films by electroreduction and anodic oxidation, will be undertaken.

Abstract  International conference on surface modification of metals by ion beams (SMMIB-7) (7th), Washington, DC (United States), 15-19 Jul 1991. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. tation of yttrium and other reactive metals has been known to show significant effects on the oxidation behavior of Cr(sub 2)O(sub 3)-forming alloys. The oxide growth rate decreases by nearly a factor of ten, and the adhesion of oxide scales to alloys is greatly improved. To better understand the mechanisms by which these elements affect oxidation, it is important to know whether or not they are present in the metal ahead of the oxide layer. In this study, the diffusivity of implanted yttrium in a Ni-25 wt %Cr alloy and its distribution in the oxide scale after different oxidation times have been evaluated using secondary ion mass spectroscopy. It was found that only 17 ppm of yttrium was left in the alloy after just 20 minutes of oxidation at 1000(degrees)C. The implanted Y remained concentrated at the oxide/gas interface as the oxide thickened with time. Within the oxide layer, the Y concentration progressively dropped to zero at the scale/alloy interface. These results are discussed in relation to several important mechanisms proposed for the beneficial effects of reactive element additions on scale adhesion. 17 refs., 5 figs.

Abstract  Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. ating Shop (Building 322), provides processes such as electroplating, electroless plating, anodizing, cleaning, etching, electroforming and chemical milling. We in MFD are committed to an active program on waste minimization, and the purpose of this document is to outline the plan of action. Our short range minimization goals are threefold: (1) Reduce our major waste stream by 90%, (2) Minimize discharge of rinse water to sewer system, and (3) Eliminate vapor degreasing in the shop. The intermediate goals consist of characterizing the waste streams and evaluating recovery processes. To do this, we first need to have the distillation unit operational and time to determine its effectiveness. If it proves to be as effective as we anticipate, we will perhaps purchase a second unit. Regardless, the streams that we can identify include: nickel, copper, rinses, acids, alkalies, electropolish and miscellaneous. Our goal is to utilize electrolytic processes to recover metals such as nickel and copper and processes such as ion exchange for some of the other streams. We intend to evaluate the full gamut of recycling processes available for these streams. We anticipate completing this phase of the minimization program by January 1993. The long range goal is zero discharge or since this could prove extremely difficult, development of processes that will allow us to produce a sludge cake that could be handled by our Hazardous Waste Management Group.

Abstract  SAGEEP '93: symposium on the application of geophysics to environmental and engineering problems, San Diego, CA (United States), 18-21 Apr 1993. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. xed Waste Landfill Integrated Demonstration (MWLID) is testing noninvasive site characterization methods at several locations, including the Chemical Waste Landfill (CWL) at Sandia National Laboratories. The CWL comprises shallow, unlined pits that were used for the disposal of acids, oils, solvents, and inorganic compounds from 1962 until the CWL was closed in 1985. The soils of the landfills are alluvial, predominantly sand, gravels and cobbles with small quantities of silts and clays. The focus of this study is an unlined chromic acid pit (UCAP). The UCAP pit is rectangular (approximately 4 (times) 10 m), which reportedly received unknown volumes of chromium in the form of chromic acid (liquid) and other hazardous materials. At this location, we have demonstrated a continuous waveform (CW) system for site characterization. During this year, we will also utilize a crossborehole pulsed radar system. Both methods are sensitive to variations in either electrical conductivity or dielectric constant in the soils or host rock at a waste site. These earth properties are some of the most responsive geophysical indicators of metallic, acidic and water-based subsurface contaminants.

Abstract  Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. jective of this investigation is to evaluate two novel copper-based sorbents (i.e. copper-chromium and copper-cerium) for their effectiveness in removing hydrogen sulfide from fuel gas in the temperature range of 650(degree) to 850(degree)C. New sorbent compositions from the selected Cu-Cr-O and Cu-Ce-O binary oxides were prepared and characterized by BET N(sub 2)-desorption surface area measurement following various calcination/time-temperature exposures. The general trends reported last quarter (on 11 different compositions) were validated this quarter in that both binary oxides lose surface area as the amount of CuO is increased. Time-resolved sulfidation tests were conducted at 850(degree)C using the equimolar CuO.Cr(sub 2)O(sub 3) composition. The two selected binary oxides prepared in larger qauntities (for testing in a two-inch reactor) have physical properties typical of the sorbents prepared in past programs. Two multicycle desulfurization tests, conducted this quarter on the Cu-Ce-O sorbent at 850(degree)C, using a feed gas containing 5000 ppm H(sub 2)S, 10 vol % H(sub 2) and 10 vol % H(sub 2)O at a space velocity (STP) of 2000 h(sup (minus)1), demonstrated high sulfur removal efficiency for the first one or two cycles, and a significant reduction in efficiency in the following cycles.

Abstract  Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. the past quarter, progress has been made in four tasks as summarized below: Task 1: A delaminated Fe(sub 2)O(sub 3) pillared clay was synthesized and carefully characterized. The chemical composition was measured by ICP atomic emission spectrometry. The structural changes in the clay as well as the iron oxide particle sizes were characterized by X-ray diffraction techniques. Task 2: The Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR, i.e., NO reduction with NH(sub 3)) activities of the delaminated pillared clay were tested and compared with four other most active SCR catalysts: a commercial V(sub 2)O(sub 5) + WO(sub 3)/TiO(sub 2) catalyst, a Fe(sub 2)O(sub 3)-pillared clay, and two supported Fe(sub 2)O(sub 3) catalysts (on Al(sub 2)O(sub 3) and TiO(sub 2)). The delaminated Fe(sub 2)O(sub 3) pillared clay exhibited the highest SCR activities. Catalyst stability test showed that the delaminated sample was also stable. Task 3: To further increase the SCR activity of the delaminated pillared clay, Cr(sub 2)O(sub 3) was doped as a promoter by incipient wetness. Task 4: Deactivation effects of SO(sub 2) and H(sub 2)O on the SCR activities of the delaminated Fe(sub 2)O(sub 3) pillared clay were studied, and compared with other SCR catalysts. The delaminated clay catalyst showed the least deactivation.

Abstract  Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. ical data for 23 trace elements are reported for ground- and surface-water samples collected at and near the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory during 1988--91. Water samples were collected from 148 wells completed in the Snake River Plain aquifer, 18 wells completed in discontinuous deep perched-water zones, and 1 well completed in an alluvial aquifer. Surface-water samples also were collected from three streams, two springs, two ponds, and one lake. Data are categorized by concentrations of total recoverable of dissolved trace elements. Concentrations of total recoverable trace elements are reported for unfiltered water samples and include results for one or more of the following: aluminum, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, and zinc. Concentrations of dissolved trace elements are reported for water samples filtered through a nominal 0.45-micron filter and may also include bromide, fluoride, lithium, molybdenum, strontium, thallium, and vanadium. Concentrations of dissolved hexavalent chromium also are reported for many samples. The water samples were analyzed at the US Geological Survey's National Water Quality Laboratory in Arvada, Colorado. Methods used to collect the water samples and quality assurance instituted for the sampling program are described. Concentrations of chromium equaled or exceeded the maximum contaminant level at 12 ground-water quality monitoring wells. Other trace elements did not exceed their respective maximum contaminant levels.

Abstract  Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. um, deposited from acidic solutions of its hexavalent ion, has been the rule for wear resistant, corrosion resistant coatings for many years. Although chromium coatings are durable, the plating process generates air emissions, effluent rinse waters, and process solutions that are toxic, suspected carcinogens, and a risk to human health and the environment. Tungsten-nickel-boron (W-Ni-B) alloy deposition is a potential substitute for hexavalent chrome. It has excellent wear, corrosion, and mechanical properties and also may be less of an environmental risk. This study examines the electroplating process and deposit properties of W-Ni-B and compares them with those of hexavalent chrome.

Abstract  Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. ubsurface waters at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) are contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is also present in the ground water; however, the source of the Cr(VI) may be natural. The planned treatment includes the following steps: (1) Pumping the water to the surface facility. (2) Purging the VOCs with air and absorbing them on activated carbon. (3) Filtering the water. (4) Passing the water through anion-exchange resin to remove the Cr. (5) Discharging the treated water into the local arroyos. This report describes laboratory experiments undertaken to learn how the proposed treatment facility can be expected to operate. The laboratory results are expected to supply vendors with the detailed performance specifications needed to prepare bids on the Cr removal portion of the treatment facility. The treatment facility is expected to process 60 gallons per minute (gpm) of water by stripping VOCs with 720 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) of air and removing Cr(VI) with 60 cu ft of resin.